1.Quality champions are appointed by
a)Senior management b) Executive management
c) None of the above
2.Statistical analysis becomes the basis for decision making. (T/F)
3.Management becomes more active in recognizing success. (T/F)
4.Quality mgmt is a set of ________ principles
5.Awareness training should be directed at selling benefits. (T/F)
6.It is normal for people to object to any new idea. (T/F)
7.Change normally will not occur unless the customer's objection are overcome. (T/F)
8. Implementing quality management is a short term effort. (T/F)
9.The survey should cover the areas of
a)Job Satisfaction
b)Organization satisfaction
c)Management Satisfaction
d)Quality productivity
e)All of the above
f)None of the above
10.Quality management is a culture change. (T/F)
11.Management commitment is not required if everybody commits for quality. (T/F)
12.Management need not provide funds for training. (T/F)
13.Obtaining quality management support from first line managers and employees is relatively difficult. (T/F)
14.The champion will emerge after the planning for quality management implementation. (T/F)
15.The need for a champion lasts a minimum of ______ to ______ years.
16.Leadership simply stated is for money. (T/F)
17.Almost any increase in the quality of MIS systems can multiply itself in savings on future maintenance. (T/F)
18.Exec Mgmt should operate as ____ to improve atleast 1 mgmt process before moving Quality Mgmt down the organization
19.Much like the concept of "quality" leadership does not define a precise definition. (T/F)
20.The keystone of modern management technique is to focus employees and not on their behavior. (T/F)
21.Leadership is not understood well enough to become part of body of thought called "the science of management". (T/F)
22.Understanding precedes behaviour change. (T/F)
23.Awareness training should create the awareness of the defined topic and initiate action associated with that topic. (T/F)
24.Both the activities in the above question occurs simultaneously. (T/F)
25.Limit training program to
a) 1/2 hour b) 1 hour c) 2 hour
26.Crucial step of the awareness training is to resolve the customer's objections. (T/F)
27.Name any 2 administrative activities when planning for awareness training
28.It is normally advantageous to conduct the training session with homogeneous groups. (T/F)
29.Quality Management has orientation toward data gathering for problem identification. (T/F)
30.Implementing quality management is a short term effort. (T/F)
Answers
1. C
2. T
3. T
4. Guiding
5. T
6. T
7. T
8. F
9. E
10. T
11. F
12. F
13. F
14. F
15. 2,3
16. F
17. T
18. PIT
19. T
20. T
21. T
22. T
23. T
24. F
25. C
26. T
27. List
28. T
29. T
30. F
Wednesday, October 10, 2007
Quiz-5
1. Fill in the blanks below with the two types of testing that are conducted when performing dynamic testing that executes system code:
_________________ testing addresses the overall behavior of the program by testing
transaction flows, input validation, and functional completeness.
_________________ testing includes path testing, code coverage testing and
analysis, logic testing, nested loop testing, and many similar techniques.
2. Performance and stress testing are considered ___________________ testing.
3. White Box testing assumes that the path of logic in a unit or program is not known. (T/F)
4. Name 3 of 5 techniques of White Box testing:
__________________
__________________
__________________
5. Black Box testing determines whether combinations of inputs and operations produce expected results. (T/F)
6. One technique of Black Box testing is Equivalence Partitioning. In a program statement that accepts only one choice from among 10 possible choices, numbered 1 through 10, the middle partition would be from _____ to _____.
7. In the above example, using a Boundary Analysis technique, the lower boundary input(s) would be:
a.1
b.–1 and +1
c.0 and 2
d.0 and 1
8. Incremental Testing involves adding unit-tested programs to a given module or component one by one, and testing each resultant combination. Of the two types, Top-down is often thought to be easier because drivers are often easier to create than stubs. (T/F)
9. The type of testing performed once enough units are integrated with Incremental Testing such that a single business function can be performed is known as:
a.System
b.Integration
c.Unit
d.Thread
10. Acceptance Testing, as a standard test stage, lends itself only to the _____________ technique of testing.
ANSWERS:
1. Functional and Structural
2. Structural
3. False
4. Statement Coverage
Condition Coverage
Decision Coverage
Decision/Condition Coverage
Multiple Condition Coverage
5. True
6. 1 to 10
7. c. 0 and 2
8. False
9. Thread
10. Black Box
_________________ testing addresses the overall behavior of the program by testing
transaction flows, input validation, and functional completeness.
_________________ testing includes path testing, code coverage testing and
analysis, logic testing, nested loop testing, and many similar techniques.
2. Performance and stress testing are considered ___________________ testing.
3. White Box testing assumes that the path of logic in a unit or program is not known. (T/F)
4. Name 3 of 5 techniques of White Box testing:
__________________
__________________
__________________
5. Black Box testing determines whether combinations of inputs and operations produce expected results. (T/F)
6. One technique of Black Box testing is Equivalence Partitioning. In a program statement that accepts only one choice from among 10 possible choices, numbered 1 through 10, the middle partition would be from _____ to _____.
7. In the above example, using a Boundary Analysis technique, the lower boundary input(s) would be:
a.1
b.–1 and +1
c.0 and 2
d.0 and 1
8. Incremental Testing involves adding unit-tested programs to a given module or component one by one, and testing each resultant combination. Of the two types, Top-down is often thought to be easier because drivers are often easier to create than stubs. (T/F)
9. The type of testing performed once enough units are integrated with Incremental Testing such that a single business function can be performed is known as:
a.System
b.Integration
c.Unit
d.Thread
10. Acceptance Testing, as a standard test stage, lends itself only to the _____________ technique of testing.
ANSWERS:
1. Functional and Structural
2. Structural
3. False
4. Statement Coverage
Condition Coverage
Decision Coverage
Decision/Condition Coverage
Multiple Condition Coverage
5. True
6. 1 to 10
7. c. 0 and 2
8. False
9. Thread
10. Black Box
Quiz-4
Cost of Quality:
1.Name the 3 major cost components of Cost of Quality (CoQ)
2.Failure costs are associated with where the failure occurred. T or F
3.What is the relationship between increasing spending in achieving quality and the costs associated with lack of quality? A) flat; b) exponential; c) inverse
4.Increases in software quality produce increases in productivity. Why?
5.Why is their controversy over the concept of diminishing returns in software quality?
6.Cost of Quality accounts for what percentage of software development costs?
a)10-20%
b)40-50%
c)2-5%
Answers:
1) Prevention, appraisal and failure
2) T – internal and external
3) Inverse
4) Increased efficency in the software test process by reducing the amount of appraisal (test) costs.
5) Because of the polarity in producing software that meets the current market quality requirements and the time trend of increasing expectations of quality over the long run.
6) 40-50%
1.Name the 3 major cost components of Cost of Quality (CoQ)
2.Failure costs are associated with where the failure occurred. T or F
3.What is the relationship between increasing spending in achieving quality and the costs associated with lack of quality? A) flat; b) exponential; c) inverse
4.Increases in software quality produce increases in productivity. Why?
5.Why is their controversy over the concept of diminishing returns in software quality?
6.Cost of Quality accounts for what percentage of software development costs?
a)10-20%
b)40-50%
c)2-5%
Answers:
1) Prevention, appraisal and failure
2) T – internal and external
3) Inverse
4) Increased efficency in the software test process by reducing the amount of appraisal (test) costs.
5) Because of the polarity in producing software that meets the current market quality requirements and the time trend of increasing expectations of quality over the long run.
6) 40-50%
Quiz-3
Quiz-3:
1. What is the maximum amount of time you have with a complainer to begin offering solutions to their complaint. _________________
2. What do you believe is the most important of the four step complaint-resolution process and why?
3. To establish a position for mutual discussion, if your customer stands you should be seated to show interest in your customer’s problem. (T/F)
4. An angry person is more likely to tell you symptoms than the real problems. (T/F)
5. You should always listen attentively to your customer and never ask them to further explain what they mean. (T/F)
6. Taking action after hearing the complaint will solve two purposes: first, it will determine the validity of the facts; and second, ______________________________
7. After you have agreed on what action to take, you should repeat it back to your customer and ask your customer if it is agreeable. (T/F)
8. When you believe the problem has been solved, it is logical to assume that your customer also agrees. (T/F)
Quiz-3 Answers:
1.4 minutes
2.Getting on the same wave length with your customer to begin a meaningful dialog
3.False
4.True
5.False
6.Pacify the customer
7.True
8.False
1. What is the maximum amount of time you have with a complainer to begin offering solutions to their complaint. _________________
2. What do you believe is the most important of the four step complaint-resolution process and why?
3. To establish a position for mutual discussion, if your customer stands you should be seated to show interest in your customer’s problem. (T/F)
4. An angry person is more likely to tell you symptoms than the real problems. (T/F)
5. You should always listen attentively to your customer and never ask them to further explain what they mean. (T/F)
6. Taking action after hearing the complaint will solve two purposes: first, it will determine the validity of the facts; and second, ______________________________
7. After you have agreed on what action to take, you should repeat it back to your customer and ask your customer if it is agreeable. (T/F)
8. When you believe the problem has been solved, it is logical to assume that your customer also agrees. (T/F)
Quiz-3 Answers:
1.4 minutes
2.Getting on the same wave length with your customer to begin a meaningful dialog
3.False
4.True
5.False
6.Pacify the customer
7.True
8.False
Quiz-2
QUIZ-2
1. Quality of a walkthrough depends on preparation by participants.
True / False
2. ____________ is also known as V & V.
a) Software Testing
b) Software QA
c) Reviews & Inspections
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
3. __________ is 'Are we building the right product?'
4. __________ is 'Are we building the product right?'
5. Name any four of the various V & V activities.
6. Reviews can enforce the use of standards.
True / False
7. How can reviews reduce cost of quality?
8. Name 3 participants of a formal review.
9. What are the three rules for all reviews?
10. Inspections may or may not involve the author of the work product.
True / False
ANSWERS
1. True
2. d)
3. Validation
4. Verification
5. Peer Reviews, Inspections, Walkthroughs, Testing
6. True
7. Reviews detect defects early in the life cycle where it is less costly to correct.
8. Moderater, Recorder, Peer
9. Review product not producer, identify problems not solutions, all members responsible for results
10. True
1. Quality of a walkthrough depends on preparation by participants.
True / False
2. ____________ is also known as V & V.
a) Software Testing
b) Software QA
c) Reviews & Inspections
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
3. __________ is 'Are we building the right product?'
4. __________ is 'Are we building the product right?'
5. Name any four of the various V & V activities.
6. Reviews can enforce the use of standards.
True / False
7. How can reviews reduce cost of quality?
8. Name 3 participants of a formal review.
9. What are the three rules for all reviews?
10. Inspections may or may not involve the author of the work product.
True / False
ANSWERS
1. True
2. d)
3. Validation
4. Verification
5. Peer Reviews, Inspections, Walkthroughs, Testing
6. True
7. Reviews detect defects early in the life cycle where it is less costly to correct.
8. Moderater, Recorder, Peer
9. Review product not producer, identify problems not solutions, all members responsible for results
10. True
Quiz-1
Quiz 1:
1.A core concept of quality philosophies is that grass-roots efforts are an effective means to improve quality. True / False
2._______________ is defined as doing things right.
3.Achieving quality requires:
A.Understanding the customer’s expectations
B.Exceeding the customer’s expectations
C.Meeting all the definitions of quality
D.Focusing on the customer
E.All the above
4.Quality can be defined through internal means. True / False
5.The essence of a quality internal product is:
A.Improving internal processes
B.Delivering the right product
C.Customer satisfaction
6.The cost of poor quality is usually less than 15 % of the cost of doing business. True / False
7.The gains from continuous process improvement will fall off over time because internal processes can never be perfect. True / False
8.Steps to implementing a Quality Culture would NOT include:
A.Creating a department that focuses on quality improvement
B.Listening to customers to determine their requirements
C.Demonstrating executive leadership and commitment
D.Identifying costs of quality and focusing on prevention
9.Deming’s Fourteen Points for Management can be summed up by:
A.Create constancy of purpose by breaking down barriers between departments
B.Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality
C.Stop focusing on judgment results and start focusing on improvement of processes
D.Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service to improve quality and productivity and to decrease costs
Quiz 1 Answers:
1. False. Most quality improvement philosophies require that management take ownership and leadership of quality improvement efforts.
2. EFFICIENCY is doing right things right. Effectiveness is doing the right things.
3. E. All of these things, natch.
4. False. Quality cannot be defined without the customer.
5. C. The essence of any quality product is customer satisfaction.
6. False. The cost of poor quality is generally known to be up to 50% of the cost of doing business.
7. False. The gains from continuous process improvement (the basis of TQM, otherwise known as Kaizen) can never fall off because the reduction in rework reduces cost and then pays for more productive output.
8. A. All levels of an organization must take ownership of the quality culture transformation
9. C. The other points are part of Deming’s fourteen points, but only C sums them up.
1.A core concept of quality philosophies is that grass-roots efforts are an effective means to improve quality. True / False
2._______________ is defined as doing things right.
3.Achieving quality requires:
A.Understanding the customer’s expectations
B.Exceeding the customer’s expectations
C.Meeting all the definitions of quality
D.Focusing on the customer
E.All the above
4.Quality can be defined through internal means. True / False
5.The essence of a quality internal product is:
A.Improving internal processes
B.Delivering the right product
C.Customer satisfaction
6.The cost of poor quality is usually less than 15 % of the cost of doing business. True / False
7.The gains from continuous process improvement will fall off over time because internal processes can never be perfect. True / False
8.Steps to implementing a Quality Culture would NOT include:
A.Creating a department that focuses on quality improvement
B.Listening to customers to determine their requirements
C.Demonstrating executive leadership and commitment
D.Identifying costs of quality and focusing on prevention
9.Deming’s Fourteen Points for Management can be summed up by:
A.Create constancy of purpose by breaking down barriers between departments
B.Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality
C.Stop focusing on judgment results and start focusing on improvement of processes
D.Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service to improve quality and productivity and to decrease costs
Quiz 1 Answers:
1. False. Most quality improvement philosophies require that management take ownership and leadership of quality improvement efforts.
2. EFFICIENCY is doing right things right. Effectiveness is doing the right things.
3. E. All of these things, natch.
4. False. Quality cannot be defined without the customer.
5. C. The essence of any quality product is customer satisfaction.
6. False. The cost of poor quality is generally known to be up to 50% of the cost of doing business.
7. False. The gains from continuous process improvement (the basis of TQM, otherwise known as Kaizen) can never fall off because the reduction in rework reduces cost and then pays for more productive output.
8. A. All levels of an organization must take ownership of the quality culture transformation
9. C. The other points are part of Deming’s fourteen points, but only C sums them up.
Friday, September 28, 2007
Load runner interview questions
What is load testing?
Load testing is to test that if the application works fine with the loads that result from large number of simultaneous users, transactions and to determine weather it can handle peak usage periods.
What is Performance testing?
Timing for both read and update transactions should be gathered to determine whether system functions are being performed in an acceptable timeframe. This should be done standalone and then in a multi user environment to determine the effect of multiple transactions on the timing of a single transaction.
Did u use LoadRunner? What version? Yes. Version ..(mention version you have worked)
Explain the Load testing process?
Step 1: Planning the test. Here, we develop a clearly defined test plan to ensure the test scenarios we develop will accomplish load-testing objectives. Step 2: Creating Vusers. Here, we create Vuser scripts that contain tasks performed by each Vuser, tasks performed by Vusers as a whole, and tasks measured as transactions. Step 3: Creating the scenario. A scenario describes the events that occur during a testing session. It includes a list of machines, scripts, and Vusers that run during the scenario. We create scenarios using LoadRunner Controller. We can create manual scenarios as well as goal-oriented scenarios. In manual scenarios, we define the number of Vusers, the load generator machines, and percentage of Vusers to be assigned to each script. For web tests, we may create a goal-oriented scenario where we define the goal that our test has to achieve. LoadRunner automatically builds a scenario for us. Step 4: Running the scenario.
We emulate load on the server by instructing multiple Vusers to perform tasks simultaneously. Before the testing, we set the scenario configuration and scheduling. We can run the entire scenario, Vuser groups, or individual Vusers. Step 5: Monitoring the scenario.
We monitor scenario execution using the LoadRunner online runtime, transaction, system resource, Web resource, Web server resource, Web application server resource, database server resource, network delay, streaming media resource, firewall server resource, ERP server resource, and Java performance monitors. Step 6: Analyzing test results. During scenario execution, LoadRunner records the performance of the application under different loads. We use LoadRunner’s graphs and reports to analyze the application’s performance.
When do you do load and performance Testing?
We perform load testing once we are done with interface (GUI) testing. Modern system architectures are large and complex. Whereas single user testing primarily on functionality and user interface of a system component, application testing focuses on performance and reliability of an entire system. For example, a typical application-testing scenario might depict 1000 users logging in simultaneously to a system. This gives rise to issues such as what is the response time of the system, does it crash, will it go with different software applications and platforms, can it hold so many hundreds and thousands of users, etc. This is when we set do load and performance testing.
What are the components of LoadRunner?
The components of LoadRunner are The Virtual User Generator, Controller, and the Agent process, LoadRunner Analysis and Monitoring, LoadRunner Books Online.
What Component of LoadRunner would you use to record a Script?
The Virtual User Generator (VuGen) component is used to record a script. It enables you to develop Vuser scripts for a variety of application types and communication protocols.
What Component of LoadRunner would you use to play Back the script in multi user mode?
The Controller component is used to playback the script in multi-user mode. This is done during a scenario run where a vuser script is executed by a number of vusers in a group.
What is a rendezvous point?
You insert rendezvous points into Vuser scripts to emulate heavy user load on the server. Rendezvous points instruct Vusers to wait during test execution for multiple Vusers to arrive at a certain point, in order that they may simultaneously perform a task. For example, to emulate peak load on the bank server, you can insert a rendezvous point instructing 100 Vusers to deposit cash into their accounts at the same time.
What is a scenario?
A scenario defines the events that occur during each testing session. For example, a scenario defines and controls the number of users to emulate, the actions to be performed, and the machines on which the virtual users run their emulations.
Explain the recording mode for web Vuser script?
We use VuGen to develop a Vuser script by recording a user performing typical business processes on a client application. VuGen creates the script by recording the activity between the client and the server. For example, in web based applications, VuGen monitors the client end of the database and traces all the requests sent to, and received from, the database server. We use VuGen to: Monitor the communication between the application and the server; Generate the required function calls; and Insert the generated function calls into a Vuser script.
Why do you create parameters?
Parameters are like script variables. They are used to vary input to the server and to emulate real users. Different sets of data are sent to the server each time the script is run. Better simulate the usage model for more accurate testing from the Controller; one script can emulate many different users on the system.
What is correlation? Explain the difference between automatic correlation and manual correlation?
Correlation is used to obtain data which are unique for each run of the script and which are generated by nested queries. Correlation provides the value to avoid errors arising out of duplicate values and also optimizing the code (to avoid nested queries). Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be application server specific. Here values are replaced by data which are created by these rules. In manual correlation, the value we want to correlate is scanned and create correlation is used to correlate.
How do you find out where correlation is required? Give few examples from your projects?
Two ways: First we can scan for correlations, and see the list of values which can be correlated. From this we can pick a value to be correlated. Secondly, we can record two scripts and compare them. We can look up the difference file to see for the values which needed to be correlated. In my project, there was a unique id developed for each customer, it was nothing but Insurance Number, it was generated automatically and it was sequential and this value was unique. I had to correlate this value, in order to avoid errors while running my script. I did using scan for correlation.
Where do you set automatic correlation options?
Automatic correlation from web point of view can be set in recording options and correlation tab. Here we can enable correlation for the entire script and choose either issue online messages or offline actions, where we can define rules for that correlation. Automatic correlation for database can be done using show output window and scan for correlation and picking the correlate query tab and choose which query value we want to correlate. If we know the specific value to be correlated, we just do create correlation for the value and specify how the value to be created.
What is a function to capture dynamic values in the web Vuser script?
Web_reg_save_param function saves dynamic data information to a parameter.
When do you disable log in Virtual User Generator, When do you choose standard and extended logs?
Once we debug our script and verify that it is functional, we can enable logging for errors only. When we add a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled. Standard Log Option: When you select
Standard log, it creates a standard log of functions and messages sent during script execution to use for debugging. Disable this option for large load testing scenarios. When you copy a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled Extended Log Option: Select
extended log to create an extended log, including warnings and other messages. Disable this option for large load testing scenarios. When you copy a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled. We can specify which additional information should be added to the extended log using the Extended log options.
How do you debug a LoadRunner script?
VuGen contains two options to help debug Vuser scripts-the Run Step by Step command and breakpoints. The Debug settings in the Options dialog box allow us to determine the extent of the trace to be performed during scenario execution. The debug information is written to the Output window. We can manually set the message class within your script using the lr_set_debug_message function. This is useful if we want to receive debug information about a small section of the script only.
How do you write user defined functions in LR? Give me few functions you wrote in your previous project?
Before we create the User Defined functions we need to create the external
library (DLL) with the function. We add this library to VuGen bin directory. Once the library is added then we assign user defined function as a parameter. The function should have the following format: __declspec (dllexport) char*(char*, char*)Examples of user defined functions are as follows:GetVersion, GetCurrentTime, GetPltform are some of the user defined functions used in my earlier project.
What are the changes you can make in run-time settings?
The Run Time Settings that we make are: a) Pacing - It has iteration count. b) Log - Under this we have Disable Logging Standard Log and c) Extended Think Time - In think time we have two options like Ignore think time and Replay think time. d) General - Under general tab we can set the vusers as process or as multithreading and whether each step as a transaction.
Where do you set Iteration for Vuser testing?
We set Iterations in the Run Time Settings of the VuGen. The navigation for this is Run time settings, Pacing tab, set number of iterations.
How do you perform functional testing under load?
Functionality under load can be tested by running several Vusers concurrently. By increasing the amount of Vusers, we can determine how much load the server can sustain.
What is Ramp up? How do you set this?
This option is used to gradually increase the amount of Vusers/load on the server. An initial value is set and a value to wait between intervals can be
specified. To set Ramp Up, go to ‘Scenario Scheduling Options’
What is the advantage of running the Vuser as thread? - VuGen provides the facility to use multithreading. This enables more Vusers to be run per
generator. If the Vuser is run as a process, the same driver program is loaded into memory for each Vuser, thus taking up a large amount of memory. This limits the number of Vusers that can be run on a single
generator. If the Vuser is run as a thread, only one instance of the driver program is loaded into memory for the given number of
Vusers (say 100). Each thread shares the memory of the parent driver program, thus enabling more Vusers to be run per generator.
If you want to stop the execution of your script on error, how do you do that?
The lr_abort function aborts the execution of a Vuser script. It instructs the Vuser to stop executing the Actions section, execute the vuser_end section and end the execution. This function is useful when you need to manually abort a script execution as a result of a specific error condition. When you end a script using this function, the Vuser is assigned the status "Stopped". For this to take effect, we have to first uncheck the “Continue on error” option in Run-Time Settings.
What is the relation between Response Time and Throughput?
The Throughput graph shows the amount of data in bytes that the Vusers received from the server in a second. When we compare this with the transaction response time, we will notice that as throughput decreased, the response time also decreased. Similarly, the peak throughput and highest response time would occur approximately at the same time.
Explain the Configuration of your systems?
The configuration of our systems refers to that of the client machines on which we run the Vusers. The configuration of any client machine includes its hardware settings, memory, operating system, software applications, development tools, etc. This system component configuration should match with the overall system configuration that would include the network infrastructure, the web server, the database server, and any other components that go with this larger system so as to achieve the load testing objectives.
How do you identify the performance bottlenecks?
Performance Bottlenecks can be detected by using monitors. These monitors might be application server monitors, web server monitors, database server monitors and network monitors. They help in finding out the troubled area in our scenario which causes increased response time. The measurements made are usually performance response time, throughput, hits/sec, network delay graphs, etc.
If web server, database and Network are all fine where could be the problem?
The problem could be in the system itself or in the application server or in the code written for the application.
How did you find web server related issues?
Using Web resource monitors we can find the performance of web servers. Using these monitors we can analyze throughput on the web server, number of hits per second that
occurred during scenario, the number of http responses per second, the number of downloaded pages per second.
How did you find database related issues?
By running “Database” monitor and help of “Data Resource Graph” we can find database related issues. E.g. You can specify the resource you want to measure on before running the controller and than you can see database related issues
Explain all the web recording options?
What is the difference between Overlay graph and Correlate graph? - Overlay Graph: It overlay the content of two graphs that shares a common x-axis. Left Y-axis on the merged graph show’s the current graph’s value & Right Y-axis show the value of Y-axis of the graph that was merged. Correlate Graph: Plot the Y-axis of two graphs against each other. The active graph’s Y-axis becomes X-axis of merged graph. Y-axis of the graph that was merged becomes merged graph’s Y-axis.
How did you plan the Load? What are the Criteria?
Load test is planned to decide the number of users, what kind of machines we are going to use and from where they are run. It is based on 2 important documents, Task Distribution Diagram and Transaction profile. Task Distribution Diagram gives us the information on number of users for a particular transaction and the time of the load. The peak usage and off-usage are decided from this Diagram. Transaction profile gives us the information about the transactions name and their priority levels with regard to the scenario we are deciding.
What does vuser_init action contain?
Vuser_init action contains procedures to login to a server.
What does vuser_end action contain?
Vuser_end section contains log off procedures.
What is think time? How do you change the threshold?
Think time is the time that a real user waits between actions. Example: When a user receives data from a server, the user may wait several seconds to review the data before responding. This delay is known as the think time. Changing the Threshold: Threshold level is the level below which the recorded think time will be ignored. The default value is five (5) seconds. We can change the think time threshold in the Recording options of the Vugen.
What is the difference between standard log and extended log?
The standard log sends a subset of functions and messages sent during script execution to a log. The subset depends on the Vuser type Extended log sends a detailed script execution messages to the output log. This is mainly used during debugging when we want information about: Parameter substitution. Data returned by the server. Advanced trace.
Explain the following functions:
lr_debug_message - The lr_debug_message function sends a debug message to the output log when the specified message class is set.
lr_output_message - The lr_output_message function sends notifications to the Controller Output window and the Vuser log file.
lr_error_message - The lr_error_message function sends an error message to the LoadRunner Output window.
lrd_stmt - The lrd_stmt function associates a character string (usually a SQL statement) with a cursor. This function sets a SQL statement to be processed. lrd_fetch - The lrd_fetch function fetches the next row from the result set.
Throughput - If the throughput scales upward as time progresses and the number of Vusers increase, this indicates that the bandwidth is sufficient. If the graph were to remain relatively flat as the number of Vusers increased, it would
be reasonable to conclude that the bandwidth is constraining the volume of
data delivered.
Types of Goals in Goal-Oriented Scenario - Load Runner provides you with five different types of goals in a goal oriented scenario:
o The number of concurrent Vusers
o The number of hits per second
o The number of transactions per second
o The number of pages per minute
o The transaction response time that you want your scenario
Analysis Scenario (Bottlenecks):
In Running Vuser graph correlated with the response time graph you can see that as the number of Vusers increases, the average response time of the check itinerary transaction very gradually increases. In other words, the average response time steadily increases as the load
increases. At 56 Vusers, there is a sudden, sharp increase in the average response
time. We say that the test broke the server. That is the mean time before failure (MTBF). The response time clearly began to degrade when there were more than 56 Vusers running simultaneously.
What is correlation? Explain the difference between automatic correlation and manual correlation?
Correlation is used to obtain data which are unique for each run of the script and which are generated by nested queries. Correlation provides the value to avoid errors arising out of duplicate values and also optimizing the code (to avoid nested queries). Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be application server specific. Here values are replaced by data, which are created by these rules. In manual correlation, the value we want to correlate is scanned and create correlation is used to correlate.
Where do you set automatic correlation options?
Automatic correlation from web point of view, can be set in recording options and correlation tab. Here we can enable correlation for the entire script and choose either issue online messages or offline actions, where we can define rules for that correlation. Automatic correlation for database, can be done using show output window and scan for correlation and picking the correlate query tab and choose which query value we want to correlate. If we know the specific value to be correlated, we just do create correlation for the value and specify how the value to be created.
What is a function to capture dynamic values in the web vuser script?
Web_reg_save_param function saves dynamic data information to a parameter.
What protocols does LoadRunner support?
Industry standard protocols for example HTTP and ODBC are explicitly supported by LoadRunner. Furthermore any protocol that communicates over a windows socket can be supported.
What do I need to know to do load testing in addition to knowing how to use the Load-Runner tool?
In addition to knowing the tool :
- Management aspects of Load Testing, Planning being paramount
- Requirements gathering, Profile/Mix, SLA, Acceptance Criteria....
- an general understanding of the protocol you are working with, developers can be unhelpful
- a basic understanding of C programming
- know that you WILL be working with diminishing timescales and you are really at the END of the lifecycle
- as a result of the above you may have to work unsociable hours including weekends
- Managers and other "Powes that be" - "Box tickers" will not understand your plight
- You need to be able to communicate effectively at all levels with different departments from Business to Dev to Sys Test
- voice your problems as soon as possible - Planning Planning
- Fail to Plan - Plan to FAIL
What can I monitor with LoadRunner?
Monitor system bottlenecks during a test run and capture and display the performance data from every server or component.
How many users can I emulate with Load-Runner on a PC?
Unlimited, No dead end.,
Depends on system response. That too inturn depends on various factors like entire system configuration etc. If system bottle necks observes in very begining or minimum no of Vusers no further addition of vusers will be considered unless observed bottleneck is resolved.
What are the Vuser components in LoadRunner?
ApplicationComponents used are client, database or additionally business application server.)
Web Server works on and through LAN,WAN,or www connection.
Application Server components are client, business server and database server without use of www.but through Protocols like FTP.
Load Runner Function - How to get current system time
This function is developed to usein Mercury Load Runner peformance tool. This main use of this functions to return the current system time at any given point of time while load runner script is running.This functiona can be used to report transaction times , script starti time and end time.
long get_secs_since_midnight(void)
{
char * curr_hr; /* pointer to a parameter with current clock hr */
char * curr_min; /* pointer to a parameter with current clock min*/
char * curr_sec; /* pointer to a parameter with current clock sec */
long current_time, /* current number of seconds since midnight */
hr_secs, /* current hour converted to secs */
min_secs, /* current minutes converted to secs */
secs_secs; /* current number of seconds */
curr_hr = lr_eval_string("{current_hr}>");
curr_min = lr_eval_string("{current_min}");
curr_sec = lr_eval_string("{current_sec}");
hr_secs = (atoi(curr_hr)) * 60 * 60;
min_secs = (atoi(curr_min)) * 60;
secs_secs = atoi(curr_sec);
current_time = hr_secs + min_secs + secs_secs;
return(current_time);
}
What are the reasons why parameterization is necessary when load testing the Web server and the database server?
Parameterization is generally done to test with multiple set of data or records.
what is load runner?
Load runner accurately measure and analysis the system performance and its functionality.
when load runner is used?
When multiple users work concurrently.
what are the advantage of using load runner?
1-loadrunner automatically records the performance of the client/server during test. 2-loadrunner checks where performance delays occur network/client delays. 3-loadrunner monitor the network and server resource to help the improve performance.
what is scenario?
A scenario defines the events that occur during is testing session. Exam (deposit cash, withdraw money…).
what is the vuser in the scenario?
Load runner replace the human user with vuser.
what is vuser script?
While run a scenarion every vuser execute a script that script known as vuser script .
what the vuser script contain?
The vuser script include the function that measure and record the performance of the server during the scenario.
what is transaction?
Transaction measure the time which takes for the server to respond to task submitted by the vuser.
what is rendezvous point?
To emulate peak load on the server.
when the rendezvous point is insert?
When multiple vuser to perform tasks at exactly the same time then insert the rendezvous point to emulate the peak load on the server.
what is load runner controller?
Controller is manage and maintain the scenario . using controller you control all the vuser in single work station .
what is Host?
Host is machine which execute the vuser script.
what are the load runner testing process?
There are 5 steps.
1-planning the test.
2-creating the vuser script.
3-creating the scenario.
4- running the scenario.
5-analysis the test result.
what is planning for the test?
Define the performance testing requirements for example no. of concurrent users, typical business processes and required response time.
what do you mean by creating vuser script?
Creating vuser script for emulate the action that virtual user Perform during the scenario execution.
what are the process for developing a vuser script?
There are 5 steps for developing a vuser script.
1-recording the vuser script .
2-edit the vuser script.
3-runtime setting .
4-run the vuser script in stand-alone mode.
5-incorporate the vuser script into a load runner scenario.
how to create a scenario?
We have to install load runner controller to the host . Then we include list of host(where vuser script execute) then list of vuser script (where vuser run) and then list of vuser that run during the scenario.
what do you mean by Remote Command Launcher(RCL)?
Rcl enables the controller to start the application on the Host machine .
what is load runner Agent?
Agent is interface between host machine and controller.
how you load a load runner Agent?
Controller instruct the remote command luncher to lunch the Agent .
how many types of vuser are available?
There are several type of vuser(GUI ,Database ,RTE(terminal emulator), SAP, DCOME, People soft, java, Baan)
what is GUI vuser and on which platform it will run?
GUI vuser operate graphical user interface application and it can run in either the MS-Windows / X-Windows environment .
what is MS-windows?
Win runner used for MS-Window application .
what is X-Windows?
X-runner and VX-runner for X-Windows application.
what is load runner API function?
Data base vuser do not operate client application .using load runner API function the database vuser can access the data from the server.
how you develop the database vuser script?
Developing the database vuser script either by recording with load runner vuser script generator (VuGen) or by using load runner vuser script template.
how many section database vuser script have?
3 section ,written in code that assemble in C, SQL call to the database, written in TSL(test script language).
how you enhance the basic script?
By adding control-flow, structure, by inserting transaction point and rendezvous point, adding functions
what is run-time-setting?
Run-time-setting include loop.log and timing information.
what is stand-alone mode?
To verify that the script runs correctly.
what type of function generate and insert by the vugen to the script when you record a script?
1-LR Function.(vuser function) 2- protocol function.
what is LR-function?
obtain the information about vuser running in a scenario .
what is protocol function?
Obtain the information about the type of vuser.
what are the section contain by the vugen while creating a vuser script?
Vugen contain the 3 section .
1-vuser-init
2-action.
3-vuser-end.
what is vuser-init section?
Record a log in to the server(vuser initialize loaded).
what is action section?
Record the client activity .
what is vuser-end section?
Record a log off in to the server (vuser stoped).
how vugen create a vuser script?
By recording the activity between client and server.
how you edit the script?
While editing the script we have to inserting the transaction point and rendezvous point .
what is the load runner start-transaction and its syntax?
It will start the transaction on the script. Syntax. Lr-start-transaction("transaction name").
what is the load runner end transaction and its syntax?
It will end the transaction. Syntax. Lr-end-transaction("transaction name", LR-AUTO).
where you insert the rendezvous point?
Rendezvous point insert in to the script to calculate the peak load of the server. Syntax. lr-rendezvous("rendezvous name").
what are the element in the load runner controller?
Title bar(name of the scenarion presently working). Menu bar(selecting the various command). Tool bar. Status bar.
what are the 5 icons appear in the buttom of the controller windows?
1-host windows(list of machine).
2-script windows(list of all the vuser script)
3-rendezvous windows.
4-transaction windows(display all the transaction) .
5-output window( display error and notification message).
what is .lrs.?
Load runner save the information in a scenario files.
what is scenario wizard?
Through scenario wizard we can create a new scenario.
what is filtering and sorting?
We can filter the information display only those items that meet the selected criteria(filter box) .exam you can filter vuser only those who are in ready state. Sorting - we can sort all the vuser in the vuser list. In order to their vuser ID(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9).
what are the information crating for each host?
1-the status of the host.
2-the platform type of the host(windows/unix).
3-details of the scenario.
how to create a host list for a scenario?
1-install remote command luncher on every machine.
2-add the name of the host to the host lists.
3-set attributes for each host.
4-select which hosts will take part in the scenario.
what the host attributes determine?
1-the maximum number of vuser that host can run.
2-the initialization quota .
3-the location of the win runner configuration file.
4. the location of the file during run-time.
how you set maximum number of vuser that a host can run?
We can modify the maximum number of vuser according to the (available resource , the needs of your scenario, load runner license agreements).
what do you mean by initialization of quota?
Capabilities of the host that at a time how many vuser Are initialize .
when the load runner controller open the win runner file then what is the location of the winner configuration file?
Wrun.ini.
what is scenario defaul?
Instruct the vuser to use the win runner configuration file.
what is local configuration file?
Instruct the vuser to use hosts win runner configuration file.
what do you mean by path?
Use win runner configuration file that is in a specific location on the network.
during run time where the hosts saves the files?
In temporally in the local drive of each host?
what is script list?
It contain all the vuser script that vuser can run.
what are the information contain by script windows for each script in the lis?
1-name of the vuser script .
2-the type of the vuser.
3-the location(path).
4-command line option.
how to modify the script?
Using vuser script information dialog box.
what is the purpose of running the scenario?
To check the response time of the client/server system under load.
why we insert the rendezvous point while running the scenario?
If a multiple vuser to perform a tasks at exactly the same time
when a scenario run exactly what happened?
1-The controller check the scenario configuration information.
2-then next it invoke the application that you select to run with the scenario .
3- then transform each script to its related hosts, when the vuser are ready they start execution.
how to run a scenario?
Open an existing scenario .
Configure the scenario.
Set the result directory.
Run the scenario.
when you initialize the vuser what happen?
The vuser status change from DOWN to PENDING to INITILIZAING to READY. If vuser fails to initialize , the vuser status changes to ERROR.
what is pause command?
It changes the status of the vuser from RUNNING TO PAUSE.
what is running virtual user graph?
It displays the number of the vuser that execute vuser script during each second of the scenario run. Only running and rendez state are include.(loading, ready and pause are not displayed).
what is report viewer?
Each report viewer contain the report header and report viewer tool bar.
what is report header and what are the information contains?
It display general scenario information and it contain the information like (title, scenario, result start time, end time and duration).
what is rendezvous graph?
It indicate when vuser were released from rendezvous point and how many vuser are released from each point.it help the transaction performance time .
what is transaction per second graph(pass)?
It display the number of complited , successful transaction perform during each second of scenario run.
what in percentile graph?
The percentage of transaction that were performed within a given time range.
what is transaction performance graph?
Display the average time taken to perform transaction during each second of the scenario run.
What are all the types of correlation?
Manual & Automatic Co-relation
Manual correlation - Correlation is used to obtain data which are unique for each run of the script and which are generated by nested queries.
Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be application server specific. Here values are replaced by data, which are created by these rules.
What criteria would you use to select Web transactions for load testing?
this again comes from voice of customer, which includes what are the very commonly used transactions of the applications, we cannot load test all transactions , we need to understand the business critical transactions , this can be done either talking.
For what purpose are virtual users created?
Virtual users are created to emulate real users.
Why it is recommended to add verification checks to your all your scenarios?
To verify the Fnctional flow....verification checks are used in the scenarios
In what situation would you want to parameterize a text verification check?
I think verification is the process done when the test results are sent to the developer, developer fixes that and the recitification of the bugs. Then testor need to verification of the bugs which is sent by him.
Why do you need to parameterize fields in your virtual user script?
need for parameterisation is ,for eg. test for inserting a record in table, which is having a primery key field. the recorded vuser script tries to enter same record into the table for that many no of vusers. but failed due to integrity constraint. in that situation we definetly need parameterisation.
What are the reasons why parameterization is necessary when load testing the Web server and the database server?
parameterization is done to check how your application performs the same operation with different data.In load runner it is necessary to make a single user to refer the page for several times similar in case of database server.
How can data caching have a negative effect on load testing results?
yes, data caching have a negative effect on load testing results, this can be altered according to the requirments of the scenario in the run-time settings.
What usually indicates that your virtual user script has dynamic data that is dependent on you parameterized fields?
Use the extended logging option of reporting.
What are the benefits of creating multiple actions within any virtual user script?
Reasuability. Repeatability, Reliability.
Load Testing - What should be analyzed.
To determine the performance of the system following objectives to be calculated.
1) Response time -: The time in which system responds to a transaction i.e., the time interval between submission of request and receiving response.
2) Think time -: Time
What is the difference between Load testing and Performace Testing?
Performance testing verifies loads, volume and response time as defined by requirements while load testing is testing an application under heavy loads to determine at what point the system response time degrades.
Load testing is to test that if the application works fine with the loads that result from large number of simultaneous users, transactions and to determine weather it can handle peak usage periods.
What is Performance testing?
Timing for both read and update transactions should be gathered to determine whether system functions are being performed in an acceptable timeframe. This should be done standalone and then in a multi user environment to determine the effect of multiple transactions on the timing of a single transaction.
Did u use LoadRunner? What version? Yes. Version ..(mention version you have worked)
Explain the Load testing process?
Step 1: Planning the test. Here, we develop a clearly defined test plan to ensure the test scenarios we develop will accomplish load-testing objectives. Step 2: Creating Vusers. Here, we create Vuser scripts that contain tasks performed by each Vuser, tasks performed by Vusers as a whole, and tasks measured as transactions. Step 3: Creating the scenario. A scenario describes the events that occur during a testing session. It includes a list of machines, scripts, and Vusers that run during the scenario. We create scenarios using LoadRunner Controller. We can create manual scenarios as well as goal-oriented scenarios. In manual scenarios, we define the number of Vusers, the load generator machines, and percentage of Vusers to be assigned to each script. For web tests, we may create a goal-oriented scenario where we define the goal that our test has to achieve. LoadRunner automatically builds a scenario for us. Step 4: Running the scenario.
We emulate load on the server by instructing multiple Vusers to perform tasks simultaneously. Before the testing, we set the scenario configuration and scheduling. We can run the entire scenario, Vuser groups, or individual Vusers. Step 5: Monitoring the scenario.
We monitor scenario execution using the LoadRunner online runtime, transaction, system resource, Web resource, Web server resource, Web application server resource, database server resource, network delay, streaming media resource, firewall server resource, ERP server resource, and Java performance monitors. Step 6: Analyzing test results. During scenario execution, LoadRunner records the performance of the application under different loads. We use LoadRunner’s graphs and reports to analyze the application’s performance.
When do you do load and performance Testing?
We perform load testing once we are done with interface (GUI) testing. Modern system architectures are large and complex. Whereas single user testing primarily on functionality and user interface of a system component, application testing focuses on performance and reliability of an entire system. For example, a typical application-testing scenario might depict 1000 users logging in simultaneously to a system. This gives rise to issues such as what is the response time of the system, does it crash, will it go with different software applications and platforms, can it hold so many hundreds and thousands of users, etc. This is when we set do load and performance testing.
What are the components of LoadRunner?
The components of LoadRunner are The Virtual User Generator, Controller, and the Agent process, LoadRunner Analysis and Monitoring, LoadRunner Books Online.
What Component of LoadRunner would you use to record a Script?
The Virtual User Generator (VuGen) component is used to record a script. It enables you to develop Vuser scripts for a variety of application types and communication protocols.
What Component of LoadRunner would you use to play Back the script in multi user mode?
The Controller component is used to playback the script in multi-user mode. This is done during a scenario run where a vuser script is executed by a number of vusers in a group.
What is a rendezvous point?
You insert rendezvous points into Vuser scripts to emulate heavy user load on the server. Rendezvous points instruct Vusers to wait during test execution for multiple Vusers to arrive at a certain point, in order that they may simultaneously perform a task. For example, to emulate peak load on the bank server, you can insert a rendezvous point instructing 100 Vusers to deposit cash into their accounts at the same time.
What is a scenario?
A scenario defines the events that occur during each testing session. For example, a scenario defines and controls the number of users to emulate, the actions to be performed, and the machines on which the virtual users run their emulations.
Explain the recording mode for web Vuser script?
We use VuGen to develop a Vuser script by recording a user performing typical business processes on a client application. VuGen creates the script by recording the activity between the client and the server. For example, in web based applications, VuGen monitors the client end of the database and traces all the requests sent to, and received from, the database server. We use VuGen to: Monitor the communication between the application and the server; Generate the required function calls; and Insert the generated function calls into a Vuser script.
Why do you create parameters?
Parameters are like script variables. They are used to vary input to the server and to emulate real users. Different sets of data are sent to the server each time the script is run. Better simulate the usage model for more accurate testing from the Controller; one script can emulate many different users on the system.
What is correlation? Explain the difference between automatic correlation and manual correlation?
Correlation is used to obtain data which are unique for each run of the script and which are generated by nested queries. Correlation provides the value to avoid errors arising out of duplicate values and also optimizing the code (to avoid nested queries). Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be application server specific. Here values are replaced by data which are created by these rules. In manual correlation, the value we want to correlate is scanned and create correlation is used to correlate.
How do you find out where correlation is required? Give few examples from your projects?
Two ways: First we can scan for correlations, and see the list of values which can be correlated. From this we can pick a value to be correlated. Secondly, we can record two scripts and compare them. We can look up the difference file to see for the values which needed to be correlated. In my project, there was a unique id developed for each customer, it was nothing but Insurance Number, it was generated automatically and it was sequential and this value was unique. I had to correlate this value, in order to avoid errors while running my script. I did using scan for correlation.
Where do you set automatic correlation options?
Automatic correlation from web point of view can be set in recording options and correlation tab. Here we can enable correlation for the entire script and choose either issue online messages or offline actions, where we can define rules for that correlation. Automatic correlation for database can be done using show output window and scan for correlation and picking the correlate query tab and choose which query value we want to correlate. If we know the specific value to be correlated, we just do create correlation for the value and specify how the value to be created.
What is a function to capture dynamic values in the web Vuser script?
Web_reg_save_param function saves dynamic data information to a parameter.
When do you disable log in Virtual User Generator, When do you choose standard and extended logs?
Once we debug our script and verify that it is functional, we can enable logging for errors only. When we add a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled. Standard Log Option: When you select
Standard log, it creates a standard log of functions and messages sent during script execution to use for debugging. Disable this option for large load testing scenarios. When you copy a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled Extended Log Option: Select
extended log to create an extended log, including warnings and other messages. Disable this option for large load testing scenarios. When you copy a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled. We can specify which additional information should be added to the extended log using the Extended log options.
How do you debug a LoadRunner script?
VuGen contains two options to help debug Vuser scripts-the Run Step by Step command and breakpoints. The Debug settings in the Options dialog box allow us to determine the extent of the trace to be performed during scenario execution. The debug information is written to the Output window. We can manually set the message class within your script using the lr_set_debug_message function. This is useful if we want to receive debug information about a small section of the script only.
How do you write user defined functions in LR? Give me few functions you wrote in your previous project?
Before we create the User Defined functions we need to create the external
library (DLL) with the function. We add this library to VuGen bin directory. Once the library is added then we assign user defined function as a parameter. The function should have the following format: __declspec (dllexport) char*
What are the changes you can make in run-time settings?
The Run Time Settings that we make are: a) Pacing - It has iteration count. b) Log - Under this we have Disable Logging Standard Log and c) Extended Think Time - In think time we have two options like Ignore think time and Replay think time. d) General - Under general tab we can set the vusers as process or as multithreading and whether each step as a transaction.
Where do you set Iteration for Vuser testing?
We set Iterations in the Run Time Settings of the VuGen. The navigation for this is Run time settings, Pacing tab, set number of iterations.
How do you perform functional testing under load?
Functionality under load can be tested by running several Vusers concurrently. By increasing the amount of Vusers, we can determine how much load the server can sustain.
What is Ramp up? How do you set this?
This option is used to gradually increase the amount of Vusers/load on the server. An initial value is set and a value to wait between intervals can be
specified. To set Ramp Up, go to ‘Scenario Scheduling Options’
What is the advantage of running the Vuser as thread? - VuGen provides the facility to use multithreading. This enables more Vusers to be run per
generator. If the Vuser is run as a process, the same driver program is loaded into memory for each Vuser, thus taking up a large amount of memory. This limits the number of Vusers that can be run on a single
generator. If the Vuser is run as a thread, only one instance of the driver program is loaded into memory for the given number of
Vusers (say 100). Each thread shares the memory of the parent driver program, thus enabling more Vusers to be run per generator.
If you want to stop the execution of your script on error, how do you do that?
The lr_abort function aborts the execution of a Vuser script. It instructs the Vuser to stop executing the Actions section, execute the vuser_end section and end the execution. This function is useful when you need to manually abort a script execution as a result of a specific error condition. When you end a script using this function, the Vuser is assigned the status "Stopped". For this to take effect, we have to first uncheck the “Continue on error” option in Run-Time Settings.
What is the relation between Response Time and Throughput?
The Throughput graph shows the amount of data in bytes that the Vusers received from the server in a second. When we compare this with the transaction response time, we will notice that as throughput decreased, the response time also decreased. Similarly, the peak throughput and highest response time would occur approximately at the same time.
Explain the Configuration of your systems?
The configuration of our systems refers to that of the client machines on which we run the Vusers. The configuration of any client machine includes its hardware settings, memory, operating system, software applications, development tools, etc. This system component configuration should match with the overall system configuration that would include the network infrastructure, the web server, the database server, and any other components that go with this larger system so as to achieve the load testing objectives.
How do you identify the performance bottlenecks?
Performance Bottlenecks can be detected by using monitors. These monitors might be application server monitors, web server monitors, database server monitors and network monitors. They help in finding out the troubled area in our scenario which causes increased response time. The measurements made are usually performance response time, throughput, hits/sec, network delay graphs, etc.
If web server, database and Network are all fine where could be the problem?
The problem could be in the system itself or in the application server or in the code written for the application.
How did you find web server related issues?
Using Web resource monitors we can find the performance of web servers. Using these monitors we can analyze throughput on the web server, number of hits per second that
occurred during scenario, the number of http responses per second, the number of downloaded pages per second.
How did you find database related issues?
By running “Database” monitor and help of “Data Resource Graph” we can find database related issues. E.g. You can specify the resource you want to measure on before running the controller and than you can see database related issues
Explain all the web recording options?
What is the difference between Overlay graph and Correlate graph? - Overlay Graph: It overlay the content of two graphs that shares a common x-axis. Left Y-axis on the merged graph show’s the current graph’s value & Right Y-axis show the value of Y-axis of the graph that was merged. Correlate Graph: Plot the Y-axis of two graphs against each other. The active graph’s Y-axis becomes X-axis of merged graph. Y-axis of the graph that was merged becomes merged graph’s Y-axis.
How did you plan the Load? What are the Criteria?
Load test is planned to decide the number of users, what kind of machines we are going to use and from where they are run. It is based on 2 important documents, Task Distribution Diagram and Transaction profile. Task Distribution Diagram gives us the information on number of users for a particular transaction and the time of the load. The peak usage and off-usage are decided from this Diagram. Transaction profile gives us the information about the transactions name and their priority levels with regard to the scenario we are deciding.
What does vuser_init action contain?
Vuser_init action contains procedures to login to a server.
What does vuser_end action contain?
Vuser_end section contains log off procedures.
What is think time? How do you change the threshold?
Think time is the time that a real user waits between actions. Example: When a user receives data from a server, the user may wait several seconds to review the data before responding. This delay is known as the think time. Changing the Threshold: Threshold level is the level below which the recorded think time will be ignored. The default value is five (5) seconds. We can change the think time threshold in the Recording options of the Vugen.
What is the difference between standard log and extended log?
The standard log sends a subset of functions and messages sent during script execution to a log. The subset depends on the Vuser type Extended log sends a detailed script execution messages to the output log. This is mainly used during debugging when we want information about: Parameter substitution. Data returned by the server. Advanced trace.
Explain the following functions:
lr_debug_message - The lr_debug_message function sends a debug message to the output log when the specified message class is set.
lr_output_message - The lr_output_message function sends notifications to the Controller Output window and the Vuser log file.
lr_error_message - The lr_error_message function sends an error message to the LoadRunner Output window.
lrd_stmt - The lrd_stmt function associates a character string (usually a SQL statement) with a cursor. This function sets a SQL statement to be processed. lrd_fetch - The lrd_fetch function fetches the next row from the result set.
Throughput - If the throughput scales upward as time progresses and the number of Vusers increase, this indicates that the bandwidth is sufficient. If the graph were to remain relatively flat as the number of Vusers increased, it would
be reasonable to conclude that the bandwidth is constraining the volume of
data delivered.
Types of Goals in Goal-Oriented Scenario - Load Runner provides you with five different types of goals in a goal oriented scenario:
o The number of concurrent Vusers
o The number of hits per second
o The number of transactions per second
o The number of pages per minute
o The transaction response time that you want your scenario
Analysis Scenario (Bottlenecks):
In Running Vuser graph correlated with the response time graph you can see that as the number of Vusers increases, the average response time of the check itinerary transaction very gradually increases. In other words, the average response time steadily increases as the load
increases. At 56 Vusers, there is a sudden, sharp increase in the average response
time. We say that the test broke the server. That is the mean time before failure (MTBF). The response time clearly began to degrade when there were more than 56 Vusers running simultaneously.
What is correlation? Explain the difference between automatic correlation and manual correlation?
Correlation is used to obtain data which are unique for each run of the script and which are generated by nested queries. Correlation provides the value to avoid errors arising out of duplicate values and also optimizing the code (to avoid nested queries). Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be application server specific. Here values are replaced by data, which are created by these rules. In manual correlation, the value we want to correlate is scanned and create correlation is used to correlate.
Where do you set automatic correlation options?
Automatic correlation from web point of view, can be set in recording options and correlation tab. Here we can enable correlation for the entire script and choose either issue online messages or offline actions, where we can define rules for that correlation. Automatic correlation for database, can be done using show output window and scan for correlation and picking the correlate query tab and choose which query value we want to correlate. If we know the specific value to be correlated, we just do create correlation for the value and specify how the value to be created.
What is a function to capture dynamic values in the web vuser script?
Web_reg_save_param function saves dynamic data information to a parameter.
What protocols does LoadRunner support?
Industry standard protocols for example HTTP and ODBC are explicitly supported by LoadRunner. Furthermore any protocol that communicates over a windows socket can be supported.
What do I need to know to do load testing in addition to knowing how to use the Load-Runner tool?
In addition to knowing the tool :
- Management aspects of Load Testing, Planning being paramount
- Requirements gathering, Profile/Mix, SLA, Acceptance Criteria....
- an general understanding of the protocol you are working with, developers can be unhelpful
- a basic understanding of C programming
- know that you WILL be working with diminishing timescales and you are really at the END of the lifecycle
- as a result of the above you may have to work unsociable hours including weekends
- Managers and other "Powes that be" - "Box tickers" will not understand your plight
- You need to be able to communicate effectively at all levels with different departments from Business to Dev to Sys Test
- voice your problems as soon as possible - Planning Planning
- Fail to Plan - Plan to FAIL
What can I monitor with LoadRunner?
Monitor system bottlenecks during a test run and capture and display the performance data from every server or component.
How many users can I emulate with Load-Runner on a PC?
Unlimited, No dead end.,
Depends on system response. That too inturn depends on various factors like entire system configuration etc. If system bottle necks observes in very begining or minimum no of Vusers no further addition of vusers will be considered unless observed bottleneck is resolved.
What are the Vuser components in LoadRunner?
ApplicationComponents used are client, database or additionally business application server.)
Web Server works on and through LAN,WAN,or www connection.
Application Server components are client, business server and database server without use of www.but through Protocols like FTP.
Load Runner Function - How to get current system time
This function is developed to usein Mercury Load Runner peformance tool. This main use of this functions to return the current system time at any given point of time while load runner script is running.This functiona can be used to report transaction times , script starti time and end time.
long get_secs_since_midnight(void)
{
char * curr_hr; /* pointer to a parameter with current clock hr */
char * curr_min; /* pointer to a parameter with current clock min*/
char * curr_sec; /* pointer to a parameter with current clock sec */
long current_time, /* current number of seconds since midnight */
hr_secs, /* current hour converted to secs */
min_secs, /* current minutes converted to secs */
secs_secs; /* current number of seconds */
curr_hr = lr_eval_string("{current_hr}>");
curr_min = lr_eval_string("{current_min}");
curr_sec = lr_eval_string("{current_sec}");
hr_secs = (atoi(curr_hr)) * 60 * 60;
min_secs = (atoi(curr_min)) * 60;
secs_secs = atoi(curr_sec);
current_time = hr_secs + min_secs + secs_secs;
return(current_time);
}
What are the reasons why parameterization is necessary when load testing the Web server and the database server?
Parameterization is generally done to test with multiple set of data or records.
what is load runner?
Load runner accurately measure and analysis the system performance and its functionality.
when load runner is used?
When multiple users work concurrently.
what are the advantage of using load runner?
1-loadrunner automatically records the performance of the client/server during test. 2-loadrunner checks where performance delays occur network/client delays. 3-loadrunner monitor the network and server resource to help the improve performance.
what is scenario?
A scenario defines the events that occur during is testing session. Exam (deposit cash, withdraw money…).
what is the vuser in the scenario?
Load runner replace the human user with vuser.
what is vuser script?
While run a scenarion every vuser execute a script that script known as vuser script .
what the vuser script contain?
The vuser script include the function that measure and record the performance of the server during the scenario.
what is transaction?
Transaction measure the time which takes for the server to respond to task submitted by the vuser.
what is rendezvous point?
To emulate peak load on the server.
when the rendezvous point is insert?
When multiple vuser to perform tasks at exactly the same time then insert the rendezvous point to emulate the peak load on the server.
what is load runner controller?
Controller is manage and maintain the scenario . using controller you control all the vuser in single work station .
what is Host?
Host is machine which execute the vuser script.
what are the load runner testing process?
There are 5 steps.
1-planning the test.
2-creating the vuser script.
3-creating the scenario.
4- running the scenario.
5-analysis the test result.
what is planning for the test?
Define the performance testing requirements for example no. of concurrent users, typical business processes and required response time.
what do you mean by creating vuser script?
Creating vuser script for emulate the action that virtual user Perform during the scenario execution.
what are the process for developing a vuser script?
There are 5 steps for developing a vuser script.
1-recording the vuser script .
2-edit the vuser script.
3-runtime setting .
4-run the vuser script in stand-alone mode.
5-incorporate the vuser script into a load runner scenario.
how to create a scenario?
We have to install load runner controller to the host . Then we include list of host(where vuser script execute) then list of vuser script (where vuser run) and then list of vuser that run during the scenario.
what do you mean by Remote Command Launcher(RCL)?
Rcl enables the controller to start the application on the Host machine .
what is load runner Agent?
Agent is interface between host machine and controller.
how you load a load runner Agent?
Controller instruct the remote command luncher to lunch the Agent .
how many types of vuser are available?
There are several type of vuser(GUI ,Database ,RTE(terminal emulator), SAP, DCOME, People soft, java, Baan)
what is GUI vuser and on which platform it will run?
GUI vuser operate graphical user interface application and it can run in either the MS-Windows / X-Windows environment .
what is MS-windows?
Win runner used for MS-Window application .
what is X-Windows?
X-runner and VX-runner for X-Windows application.
what is load runner API function?
Data base vuser do not operate client application .using load runner API function the database vuser can access the data from the server.
how you develop the database vuser script?
Developing the database vuser script either by recording with load runner vuser script generator (VuGen) or by using load runner vuser script template.
how many section database vuser script have?
3 section ,written in code that assemble in C, SQL call to the database, written in TSL(test script language).
how you enhance the basic script?
By adding control-flow, structure, by inserting transaction point and rendezvous point, adding functions
what is run-time-setting?
Run-time-setting include loop.log and timing information.
what is stand-alone mode?
To verify that the script runs correctly.
what type of function generate and insert by the vugen to the script when you record a script?
1-LR Function.(vuser function) 2- protocol function.
what is LR-function?
obtain the information about vuser running in a scenario .
what is protocol function?
Obtain the information about the type of vuser.
what are the section contain by the vugen while creating a vuser script?
Vugen contain the 3 section .
1-vuser-init
2-action.
3-vuser-end.
what is vuser-init section?
Record a log in to the server(vuser initialize loaded).
what is action section?
Record the client activity .
what is vuser-end section?
Record a log off in to the server (vuser stoped).
how vugen create a vuser script?
By recording the activity between client and server.
how you edit the script?
While editing the script we have to inserting the transaction point and rendezvous point .
what is the load runner start-transaction and its syntax?
It will start the transaction on the script. Syntax. Lr-start-transaction("transaction name").
what is the load runner end transaction and its syntax?
It will end the transaction. Syntax. Lr-end-transaction("transaction name", LR-AUTO).
where you insert the rendezvous point?
Rendezvous point insert in to the script to calculate the peak load of the server. Syntax. lr-rendezvous("rendezvous name").
what are the element in the load runner controller?
Title bar(name of the scenarion presently working). Menu bar(selecting the various command). Tool bar. Status bar.
what are the 5 icons appear in the buttom of the controller windows?
1-host windows(list of machine).
2-script windows(list of all the vuser script)
3-rendezvous windows.
4-transaction windows(display all the transaction) .
5-output window( display error and notification message).
what is .lrs.?
Load runner save the information in a scenario files.
what is scenario wizard?
Through scenario wizard we can create a new scenario.
what is filtering and sorting?
We can filter the information display only those items that meet the selected criteria(filter box) .exam you can filter vuser only those who are in ready state. Sorting - we can sort all the vuser in the vuser list. In order to their vuser ID(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9).
what are the information crating for each host?
1-the status of the host.
2-the platform type of the host(windows/unix).
3-details of the scenario.
how to create a host list for a scenario?
1-install remote command luncher on every machine.
2-add the name of the host to the host lists.
3-set attributes for each host.
4-select which hosts will take part in the scenario.
what the host attributes determine?
1-the maximum number of vuser that host can run.
2-the initialization quota .
3-the location of the win runner configuration file.
4. the location of the file during run-time.
how you set maximum number of vuser that a host can run?
We can modify the maximum number of vuser according to the (available resource , the needs of your scenario, load runner license agreements).
what do you mean by initialization of quota?
Capabilities of the host that at a time how many vuser Are initialize .
when the load runner controller open the win runner file then what is the location of the winner configuration file?
Wrun.ini.
what is scenario defaul?
Instruct the vuser to use the win runner configuration file.
what is local configuration file?
Instruct the vuser to use hosts win runner configuration file.
what do you mean by path?
Use win runner configuration file that is in a specific location on the network.
during run time where the hosts saves the files?
In temporally in the local drive of each host?
what is script list?
It contain all the vuser script that vuser can run.
what are the information contain by script windows for each script in the lis?
1-name of the vuser script .
2-the type of the vuser.
3-the location(path).
4-command line option.
how to modify the script?
Using vuser script information dialog box.
what is the purpose of running the scenario?
To check the response time of the client/server system under load.
why we insert the rendezvous point while running the scenario?
If a multiple vuser to perform a tasks at exactly the same time
when a scenario run exactly what happened?
1-The controller check the scenario configuration information.
2-then next it invoke the application that you select to run with the scenario .
3- then transform each script to its related hosts, when the vuser are ready they start execution.
how to run a scenario?
Open an existing scenario .
Configure the scenario.
Set the result directory.
Run the scenario.
when you initialize the vuser what happen?
The vuser status change from DOWN to PENDING to INITILIZAING to READY. If vuser fails to initialize , the vuser status changes to ERROR.
what is pause command?
It changes the status of the vuser from RUNNING TO PAUSE.
what is running virtual user graph?
It displays the number of the vuser that execute vuser script during each second of the scenario run. Only running and rendez state are include.(loading, ready and pause are not displayed).
what is report viewer?
Each report viewer contain the report header and report viewer tool bar.
what is report header and what are the information contains?
It display general scenario information and it contain the information like (title, scenario, result start time, end time and duration).
what is rendezvous graph?
It indicate when vuser were released from rendezvous point and how many vuser are released from each point.it help the transaction performance time .
what is transaction per second graph(pass)?
It display the number of complited , successful transaction perform during each second of scenario run.
what in percentile graph?
The percentage of transaction that were performed within a given time range.
what is transaction performance graph?
Display the average time taken to perform transaction during each second of the scenario run.
What are all the types of correlation?
Manual & Automatic Co-relation
Manual correlation - Correlation is used to obtain data which are unique for each run of the script and which are generated by nested queries.
Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be application server specific. Here values are replaced by data, which are created by these rules.
What criteria would you use to select Web transactions for load testing?
this again comes from voice of customer, which includes what are the very commonly used transactions of the applications, we cannot load test all transactions , we need to understand the business critical transactions , this can be done either talking.
For what purpose are virtual users created?
Virtual users are created to emulate real users.
Why it is recommended to add verification checks to your all your scenarios?
To verify the Fnctional flow....verification checks are used in the scenarios
In what situation would you want to parameterize a text verification check?
I think verification is the process done when the test results are sent to the developer, developer fixes that and the recitification of the bugs. Then testor need to verification of the bugs which is sent by him.
Why do you need to parameterize fields in your virtual user script?
need for parameterisation is ,for eg. test for inserting a record in table, which is having a primery key field. the recorded vuser script tries to enter same record into the table for that many no of vusers. but failed due to integrity constraint. in that situation we definetly need parameterisation.
What are the reasons why parameterization is necessary when load testing the Web server and the database server?
parameterization is done to check how your application performs the same operation with different data.In load runner it is necessary to make a single user to refer the page for several times similar in case of database server.
How can data caching have a negative effect on load testing results?
yes, data caching have a negative effect on load testing results, this can be altered according to the requirments of the scenario in the run-time settings.
What usually indicates that your virtual user script has dynamic data that is dependent on you parameterized fields?
Use the extended logging option of reporting.
What are the benefits of creating multiple actions within any virtual user script?
Reasuability. Repeatability, Reliability.
Load Testing - What should be analyzed.
To determine the performance of the system following objectives to be calculated.
1) Response time -: The time in which system responds to a transaction i.e., the time interval between submission of request and receiving response.
2) Think time -: Time
What is the difference between Load testing and Performace Testing?
Performance testing verifies loads, volume and response time as defined by requirements while load testing is testing an application under heavy loads to determine at what point the system response time degrades.
Friday, September 21, 2007
Testing_FAQ
Explain WinRunner testing process ?
WinRunner testing process involves six main stages
1.Create GUI Map File so that WinRunner can recognize the GUI objects in the application being tested
2.Create test scripts by recording, programming, or a combination of both. While recording tests, insert checkpoints where you want to check the response of the application being tested.
3.Debug Test: run tests in Debug mode to make sure they run smoothly
4.Run Tests: run tests in Verify mode to test your application.
5.View Results: determines the success or failure of the tests.
6.Report Defects: If a test run fails due to a defect in the application being tested, you can report information about the defect directly from the Test Results window.
What is contained in the GUI map ?
WinRunner stores information it learns about a window or object in a GUI Map. When WinRunner runs a test, it uses the GUI map to locate objects. It reads an object’s description in the GUI map and then looks for an object with the same properties in the application being tested. Each of these objects in the GUI Map file will be having a logical name and a physical description. There are 2 types of GUI Map files. Global GUI Map file: a single GUI Map file for the entire application. GUI Map File per Test: WinRunner automatically creates a GUI Map file for each test created.
How does WinRunner recognize objects on the application ?
WinRunner uses the GUI Map file to recognize objects on the application. When WinRunner runs a test, it uses the GUI map to locate objects. It reads an object’s description in the GUI map and then looks for an object with the same properties in the application being tested.
Have you created test scripts and what is contained in the test scripts ?
Yes I have created test scripts. It contains the statement in Mercury Interactive’s Test Script Language (TSL). These statements appear as a test script in a test window. You can then enhance your recorded test script, either by typing in additional TSL functions and programming elements or by using WinRunner’s visual programming tool, the Function Generator.
How does WinRunner evaluate test results ?
Following each test run, WinRunner displays the results in a report. The report details all the major events that occurred during the run, such as checkpoints, error messages, system messages, or user messages. If mismatches are detected at checkpoints during the test run, you can view the expected results and the actual results from the Test Results window.
Have you performed debugging of the scripts ?
Yes, I have performed debugging of scripts. We can debug the script by executing the script in the debug mode. We can also debug script using the Step, Step Into, Step out functionalities provided by the WinRunner.
How do you run your test scripts ?
We run tests in Verify mode to test your application. Each time WinRunner encounters a checkpoint in the test script, it compares the current data of the application being tested to the expected data captured earlier. If any mismatches are found, WinRunner captures them as actual results.
How do you analyze results and report the defects ?
Following each test run, WinRunner displays the results in a report. The report details all the major events that occurred during the run, such as checkpoints, error messages, system messages, or user messages. If mismatches are detected at checkpoints during the test run, you can view the expected results and the actual results from the Test Results window. If a test run fails due to a defect in the application being tested, you can report information about the defect directly from the Test Results window. This information is sent via e-mail to the quality assurance manager, who tracks the defect until it is fixed.
What is the use of Test Director software ?
TestDirector is Mercury Interactive’s software test management tool. It helps quality assurance personnel plan and organize the testing process. With TestDirector you can create a database of manual and automated tests, build test cycles, run tests, and report and track defects. You can also create reports and graphs to help review the progress of planning tests, running tests, and tracking defects before a software release.
Have you integrated your automated scripts from TestDirector ?
When you work with WinRunner, you can choose to save your tests directly to your TestDirector database or while creating a test case in the TestDirector we can specify whether the script in automated or manual. And if it is automated script then TestDirector will build a skeleton for the script that can be later modified into one which could be used to test the AUT.
What are the different modes of recording ?
There are two type of recording in WinRunner. Context Sensitive recording records the operations you perform on your application by identifying Graphical User Interface (GUI) objects. Analog recording records keyboard input, mouse clicks, and the precise x- and y-coordinates traveled by the mouse pointer across the screen.
What is the purpose of loading WinRunner Add-Ins ?
Add-Ins are used in WinRunner to load functions specific to the particular add-in to the memory. While creating a script only those functions in the add-in selected will be listed in the function generator and while executing the script only those functions in the loaded add-in will be executed else WinRunner will give an error message saying it does not recognize the function.
What are the reasons that WinRunner fails to identify an object on the GUI ?
WinRunner fails to identify an object in a GUI due to various reasons. The object is not a standard windows object. If the browser used is not compatible with the WinRunner version, GUI Map Editor will not be able to learn any of the objects displayed in the browser window.
What is meant by the logical name of the object ?
An object’s logical name is determined by its class. In most cases, the logical name is the label that appears on an object.
If the object does not have a name then what will be the logical name ?
If the object does not have a name then the logical name could be the attached text.
What is the different between GUI map and GUI map files ?
The GUI map is actually the sum of one or more GUI map files. There are two modes for organizing GUI map files. Global GUI Map file: a single GUI Map file for the entire application. GUI Map File per Test: WinRunner automatically creates a GUI Map file for each test created.
GUI Map file is a file which contains the windows and the objects learned by the WinRunner with its logical name and their physical description.
How do you view the contents of the GUI map ?
GUI Map editor displays the content of a GUI Map. We can invoke GUI Map Editor from the Tools Menu in WinRunner. The GUI Map Editor displays the various GUI Map files created and the windows and objects learned in to them with their logical name and physical description.
When you create GUI map do you record all the objects of specific objects ?
If we are learning a window then WinRunner automatically learns all the objects in the window else we will we identifying those object, which are to be learned in a window, since we will be working with only those objects while creating scripts.
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What is load testing ?
Load testing is to test that if the application works fine with the loads that result from large number of simultaneous users, transactions and to determine weather it can handle peak usage periods.
What is Performance testing ?
Timing for both read and update transactions should be gathered to determine whether system functions are being performed in an acceptable timeframe. This should be done standalone and then in a multi user environment to determine the effect of multiple transactions on the timing of a single transaction.
Explain the Load testing process ?
Step 1: Planning the test. Here, we develop a clearly defined test plan to ensure the test scenarios we develop will accomplish load-testing objectives.
Step 2: Creating Vusers. Here, we create Vuser scripts that contain tasks performed by each Vuser, tasks performed by Vusers as a whole, and tasks measured as transactions.
Step 3: Creating the scenario. A scenario describes the events that occur during a testing session. It includes a list of machines, scripts, and Vusers that run during the scenario. We create scenarios using LoadRunner Controller. We can create manual scenarios as well as goal-oriented scenarios. In manual scenarios, we define the number of Vusers, the load generator machines, and percentage of Vusers to be assigned to each script. For web tests, we may create a goal-oriented scenario where we define the goal that our test has to achieve. LoadRunner automatically builds a scenario for us.
Step 4: Running the scenario.
We emulate load on the server by instructing multiple Vusers to perform tasks simultaneously. Before the testing, we set the scenario configuration and scheduling. We can run the entire scenario, Vuser groups, or individual Vusers.
Step 5: Monitoring the scenario.
We monitor scenario execution using the LoadRunner online runtime, transaction, system resource, Web resource, Web server resource, Web application server resource, database server resource, network delay, streaming media resource, firewall server resource, ERP server resource, and Java performance monitors.
Step 6: Analyzing test results. During scenario execution, LoadRunner records the performance of the application under different loads. We use LoadRunner’s graphs and reports to analyze the application’s performance.
When do you do load and performance Testing ?
We perform load testing once we are done with interface (GUI) testing. Modern system architectures are large and complex. Whereas single user testing primarily on functionality and user interface of a system component, application testing focuses on performance and reliability of an entire system. For example, a typical application-testing scenario might depict 1000 users logging in simultaneously to a system. This gives rise to issues such as what is the response time of the system, does it crash, will it go with different software applications and platforms, can it hold so many hundreds and thousands of users, etc. This is when we set do load and performance testing.
What are the components of LoadRunner ?
The components of LoadRunner are The Virtual User Generator, Controller, and the Agent process, LoadRunner Analysis and Monitoring, LoadRunner Books Online.
What Component of LoadRunner would you use to record a Script ?
The Virtual User Generator (VuGen) component is used to record a script. It enables you to develop Vuser scripts for a variety of application types and communication protocols.
What Component of LoadRunner would you use to play Back the script in multi user mode ?
The Controller component is used to playback the script in multi-user mode. This is done during a scenario run where a vuser script is executed by a number of vusers in a group.
What is a rendezvous point ?
You insert rendezvous points into Vuser scripts to emulate heavy user load on the server. Rendezvous points instruct Vusers to wait during test execution for multiple Vusers to arrive at a certain point, in order that they may simultaneously perform a task. For example, to emulate peak load on the bank server, you can insert a rendezvous point instructing 100 Vusers to deposit cash into their accounts at the same time.
What is a scenario ?
A scenario defines the events that occur during each testing session. For example, a scenario defines and controls the number of users to emulate, the actions to be performed, and the machines on which the virtual users run their emulations.
Explain the recording mode for web Vuser script ?
We use VuGen to develop a Vuser script by recording a user performing typical business processes on a client application. VuGen creates the script by recording the activity between the client and the server. For example, in web based applications, VuGen monitors the client end of the database and traces all the requests sent to, and received from, the database server. We use VuGen to: Monitor the communication between the application and the server; Generate the required function calls; and Insert the generated function calls into a Vuser script.
Why do you create parameters ?
Parameters are like script variables. They are used to vary input to the server and to emulate real users. Different sets of data are sent to the server each time the script is run. Better simulate the usage model for more accurate testing from the Controller; one script can emulate many different users on the system.
What is a function to capture dynamic values in the web Vuser script ?
Web_reg_save_param function saves dynamic data information to a parameter.
Where do you set Iteration for Vuser testing ?
We set Iterations in the Run Time Settings of the VuGen. The navigation for this is Run time settings, Pacing tab, set number of iterations.
How do you perform functional testing under load ?
Functionality under load can be tested by running several Vusers concurrently. By increasing the amount of Vusers, we can determine how much load the server can sustain.
What is Ramp up ? How do you set this ?
This option is used to gradually increase the amount of Vusers/load on the server. An initial value is set and a value to wait between intervals can be specified. To set Ramp Up, go to ‘Scenario Scheduling Options’
What is correlation ? Explain the difference between automatic correlation and manual correlation ?
Correlation is used to obtain data which are unique for each run of the script and which are generated by nested queries. Correlation provides the value to avoid errors arising out of duplicate values and also optimizing the code (to avoid nested queries). Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be application server specific. Here values are replaced by data which are created by these rules. In manual correlation, the value we want to correlate is scanned and create correlation is used to correlate.
How do you find out where correlation is required ? Give few examples from your projects ?
Two ways: First we can scan for correlations, and see the list of values which can be correlated. From this we can pick a value to be correlated.
Secondly, we can record two scripts and compare them. We can look up the difference file to see for the values which needed to be correlated. In my project, there was a unique id developed for each customer, it was nothing but Insurance Number, it was generated automatically and it was sequential and this value was unique. I had to correlate this value, in order to avoid errors while running my script. I did using scan for correlation.
When do you disable log in Virtual User Generator, When do you choose standard and extended logs ?
Once we debug our script and verify that it is functional, we can enable logging for errors only. When we add a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled. Standard Log Option: When you select
Standard log, it creates a standard log of functions and messages sent during script execution to use for debugging. Disable this option for large load testing scenarios. When you copy a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled Extended Log Option: Select
extended log to create an extended log, including warnings and other messages. Disable this option for large load testing scenarios. When you copy a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled. We can specify which additional information should be added to the extended log using the Extended log options.
How do you debug a LoadRunner script ?
VuGen contains two options to help debug Vuser scripts-the Run Step by Step command and breakpoints. The Debug settings in the Options dialog box allow us to determine the extent of the trace to be performed during scenario execution. The debug information is written to the Output window. We can manually set the message class within your script using the lr_set_debug_message function. This is useful if we want to receive debug information about a small section of the script only.
What is the advantage of running the Vuser as thread ?
VuGen provides the facility to use multithreading. This enables more Vusers to be run per
generator. If the Vuser is run as a process, the same driver program is loaded into memory for each Vuser, thus taking up a large amount of memory. This limits the number of Vusers that can be run on a single
generator. If the Vuser is run as a thread, only one instance of the driver program is loaded into memory for the given number of Vusers (say 100). Each thread shares the memory of the parent driver program, thus enabling more Vusers to be run per generator.
If you want to stop the execution of your script on error, how do you do that ?
The lr_abort function aborts the execution of a Vuser script. It instructs the Vuser to stop executing the Actions section, execute the vuser_end section and end the execution. This function is useful when you need to manually abort a script execution as a result of a specific error condition. When you end a script using this function, the Vuser is assigned the status "Stopped". For this to take effect, we have to first uncheck the “Continue on error” option in Run-Time Settings.
What is the relation between Response Time and Throughput ?
The Throughput graph shows the amount of data in bytes that the Vusers received from the server in a second. When we compare this with the transaction response time, we will notice that as throughput decreased, the response time also decreased. Similarly, the peak throughput and highest response time would occur approximately at the same time.
Explain the Configuration of your systems ?
The configuration of our systems refers to that of the client machines on which we run the Vusers. The configuration of any client machine includes its hardware settings, memory, operating system, software applications, development tools, etc. This system component configuration should match with the overall system configuration that would include the network infrastructure, the web server, the database server, and any other components that go with this larger system so as to achieve the load testing objectives.
How do you identify the performance bottlenecks ?
Performance Bottlenecks can be detected by using monitors. These monitors might be application server monitors, web server monitors, database server monitors and network monitors. They help in finding out the troubled area in our scenario which causes increased response time. The measurements made are usually performance response time, throughput, hits/sec, network delay graphs, etc.
If web server, database and Network are all fine where could be the problem ?
The problem could be in the system itself or in the application server or in the code written for the application.
How did you find web server related issues ?
Using Web resource monitors we can find the performance of web servers. Using these monitors we can analyze throughput on the web server, number of hits per second that
occurred during scenario, the number of http responses per second, the number of downloaded pages per second.
How did you find database related issues ?
By running “Database” monitor and help of “Data Resource Graph” we can find database related issues. E.g. You can specify the resource you want to measure on before running the controller and than you can see database related issues
What is the difference between Overlay graph and Correlate graph ?
Overlay Graph: It overlay the content of two graphs that shares a common x-axis. Left Y-axis on the merged graph show’s the current graph’s value & Right Y-axis show the value of Y-axis of the graph that was merged. Correlate Graph: Plot the Y-axis of two graphs against each other. The active graph’s Y-axis becomes X-axis of merged graph. Y-axis of the graph that was merged becomes merged graph’s Y-axis.
How did you plan the Load? What are the Criteria ?
Load test is planned to decide the number of users, what kind of machines we are going to use and from where they are run. It is based on 2 important documents, Task Distribution Diagram and Transaction profile. Task Distribution Diagram gives us the information on number of users for a particular transaction and the time of the load. The peak usage and off-usage are decided from this Diagram. Transaction profile gives us the information about the transactions name and their priority levels with regard to the scenario we are deciding.
What does vuser_init action contain ?
Vuser_init action contains procedures to login to a server.
What does vuser_end action contain ?
Vuser_end section contains log off procedures.
What is think time? How do you change the threshold ?
Think time is the time that a real user waits between actions. Example: When a user receives data from a server, the user may wait several seconds to review the data before responding. This delay is known as the think time. Changing the Threshold: Threshold level is the level below which the recorded think time will be ignored. The default value is five (5) seconds. We can change the think time threshold in the Recording options of the Vugen.
How to write test cases for use cases? Please give me example
In software engineering, a use case is
1. A technique for capturing the potential requirements of a new system or software change.
2. Each use case provides one or more scenarios that convey how the system should interact with the end user or another system to achieve a specific business goal.
3. Use cases typically avoid technical jargon, preferring instead the language of the end user or domain expert.
4. Use cases are often co-authored by software developers and end users.
By defenition of usecases , we just follow the requirement document so we concentrate of testing like
functionality testing, acceptance testing, Alpha testing etc
How can we write a good test case?
Essentially a test case is a document that carries a Test Case ID no, title, type of test being conducted, Input, Action or Event to be performed, expected output and whether the Test Case has achieved the desired Output(Yes \ No)
Basically Test cases are based on the Test Plan, which includes each module and what to be tested in each module. Further each action in the module is further divided into testable components from where the Test Cases are derived.
Since the test case handles a single event at a time normally, as long as it reflects its relation to the Test plan, it can be called as a good test case. It does not matter whether the event passes or fails, as long as the component to be tested is addressed and can be related to in the Test Plan, the Test Case can be called a good Test Case.
How is test case written?
Effective test case format:
test case name
test case id
test suite id
feature to be tested
priority
test enviorment
test setup
test duration
test procedure
1.step no
2 action
3 input required
4expected
5 actual
6 result
7 comment
test effort
test case pass or fail criteria
What are the test cases for mouse?
Test cases for mouse (few)
Mainly check mouse is attached system, color, check it buttons on it. etc
1. Objective is to verify that when we click the right mouse button is it going to open list of that particular file or anything.
Description(test case) is point to one file or anything and click the right mouse button
Expected is it opens the list regarding that file (eg:list includes properites and etc)
2.Objective is to verify that when we click the left mouse button twice is it going to open that particular file or not.
Description is point to one file and double click on that
expected is it open that particular file
3. Objective is to verify the scroll butoon scrolls the particular page or not
Description is point to one page or file and use the scroll button
Expected is it scrolls the page down or up
Test cases for mobile phone ?
1. Check whether Battery is inserted into mobile properly
2. Check Switch on/Switch off of the Mobile
3. Insert the sim into the phone & Check
4. Add one user with name and phone number in Address book
5. Check the Incoming call
6. Check the outgoing call
7. send/receive messages for that mobile
8. Check all the numbers/Characters on the phone working fine by clicking on them..
9. Remove the user from phone book & Check removed properly with name and phone number
10. Check whether Network working fine..
11. If its GPRS enabled Check for the connectivity.
Write a test case for telephone?
Test case for telephone:
1. To check connectivity of telephone line or cable
2. To check the modem to determine whether it is functioning or not
3. To check dial tone of the phone
4. To check the keypad while you dial any valid number on the phone
5. To check ring tone with it’s volume levels
6. To check voice of both sides (from and to) of the phone
7. To check display monitor if the phone has
8. To check redial option whether its functioning or not
10. To check the company standard of phone
11. To check the weight and color of the phone
12. To check loud speaker whether it is functioning or notany missing above then you can add any more test cases
Write the test cases for ATM in security point of view?
1. succesful card insertion
2. unsuccessful operation due to wrong angle card insertion.
3.unsuccesssful operation due to invalid account card
4. successful entry of pin number.
5.unsuccessful operation due to wrong pin number entered 3 times.
6. successful selection of language.
7. successful selection of account type
8. unsuccessful operation due to wrong account type selected w/r to that inserted card.
9. successful selection of withdrawl option.
10. successful selection of amount.
11. unsuccessful operation due to wrong denominations.
12. successful withdrawl operation.
13. unsuccessful withdrawl operation due to amount greater than possible balance.
14. unsucceful due to lack of amount in ATM.
15. un due to amount greater than the day limit.
16. un due to server down.
17. un due to click cancel after insert card.
18.un due to click cancel after indert card and pin no.
19. un due to click cancel after language selection,account type selection,withdrawl selection, enter amount
What are the test cases for one Rs Coin Box(Telephone box) ?
Possitive test cases:
1.Pick up the dial
Expected: Should display the message " Insert one rupee coin"
2. Insert the new(model) coin
Expected: Should get the dial tone
3. When you get a busy tone, hang-up the reciever
Expected: The inserted one rupee coin comes out of the exit door.
4. finish off the conversation and hang-up the reciever
Expected: The inserted coin should not come out.
5. During the conversation, in case of a local call, (assume the duration is of 60 secs), when 45 secs are completed
Expected: It shoul prompt you to insert another coin to continue by giving beeps.
6. In the above scenario, if another coin is inserted
Expected: 60 secs will be added to the counter.
7. In the TC5 scenario, if you don't insert one more coin.
Expected: The call gets ended.
8. Pick up the reciever. Insert appropriate one rupee coin, Dial the number after hering the ring tone. Assume it got connected and you are getting the ring tone. Immediately you end up the call.
Expected: The inserted one rupee coin comes out of the exit door.
Write a test case of login window?
Login window:
1 focus to window to height,wedth of the text boxes
2 enter username for allow lowercase, special charecters (some of char allow only),numericals.
3 password, which is encrypted only allow
4 then enable "ok"button.
5 if miss matching of any username&password then it display the worning message window
How to write Test cases for Lift?
According to me following things could be tested:
1.Capacity of the lift
2.usability (whether its easy to operate or not)
3.Functionality( whether it functions properly or not)
4.comfort (whether a person is comfortable in it or not)
5.height
6.weight
7.volume
8.time it takes to reach every floor
9.test for maximum capacity of the lift
10.test for more than max capacity
11.check the working in case of a power failure
Write a test case for computer keyboard
1.to check the keyboard company
2.to check the keyboard category i.e normal keyboard or multimedia keyboard
3.to check the total no of keys in that keyboard
4.to check the keyboard type i.e normal or PS/2
5.to check the keyboard color i.e white or black
6.to check default NumLock should be in on condition
7.Default the caps lock and scroll lock should be in off condition
8.to check the keyboard wire length
9.to check all keys are working properly or not
How do you go about testing a web application ?
It’s clear that for testing any application, one should be clear about the requirements and specification documents.
For testing Web application, the tester should know, what the web application deals with.
For Testing Web application, the test cases written should be in two different types,
1) The Test cases related to the Look and Feel of the Web pages and navigation
2) The test cases related to the functionality of the web application.
Make sure, whether the web application is connected to the Database for the inputs.
Write Test cases based on the Database and write test cases for the backend testing as well if there is any database. The web application should be tested for the server response time for displaying the web pages, Make sure the web pages under load as well. For load testing, the tools are very much useful for simulating the many users.
Write Testcase for Search Engine ?
Test Case for Search Engine
Check for cursor on the search text box in the starting postition
Check whether the blank space is trimmed on starting of the first word in the text box
On no entry done in text box, check the engine does not discplay any result
Check no result is displayed on only single special character is entered in text box
Check the search response time
Check the total number of results to be displayed in one page
Check the page resolution
Check the URLs' uncheked are coloured BLUE & checked are Maroon
Check for total number of results found for a search
Check whether the search text box is present on top & bottom of the page
How to write testcases for n Factorial ?
n! means n(n-1)(n-2)......3,2,1
First Check the given integer is positive. If the given integer is negative, n! is not defined. If the given number is fraction, n! is not defined. Check the given number is 0, n! is 1hope u'll get an idea...if any wrong in this....correct me...
or
We can write following test cases
Verify for result whn n is non-numeric
Verify for result when nis negative
Verify for n = 0 (A valid case)
Verify for n = 3(A valid case)
What is the test plan for Notepad and MS Word ?
Test Plan for Notepad:
Verify notepad option in "Run" dailog box.
Verify "OK" button.
Verify when click on "ok" button whether it shows Untitled Notepad window open with cursor or not
Verify New, Open, save, Save As, Close etc options in file menu.
Test Plan for Ms Word:
Verify Ms Word option in Ms Office tools .
Verify Verify All options in wordpad
Verify scrolling button when page is greater than the desktop size.
Verify it indicates red colour when we mistake in typing the letters.
Verify changes in page nos when one page is completed .
How many test cases a testing engineer prepares and executes per day ?
The answer to this question cannot be told in specific numbers as to how much test cases can be prepared and excuted by a tester in a day.
It totally depends upon the type of application you have to test, might be simple, medium or complex. It also depends how many test sceanrios or test cases you tend to think of regarding the etsting of that application, I mean to say, both positive test cases and negative test cases. It also depends as to how many modules are there in your application for testing and how simple or complex the functionalities are there in each module.
Hence this question depends upon a number of factors to deal with it first. Suppose you prepare 50 tst cases for a particular module, then you have to execute all the test cases in a defines period as mentioned in the project plan. Then you define your testing process as to how many cycles you need for testing the application completely.etc.
How to write tets cases for electric bulb please explain me in brief ?
Test cases for electric bulb:
The bulb should be of required shape and size
Should be able to be fitted and removed from the holder
Should sustain the voltage for which it is designed for
Should glow on switching on
Should not glow on switching off
Should glow with reqd illumination (correct me if wrong)
Life of the bulb should meet the requirement
I think still more cases are there
Check the colour appearance of the bulb
Check the colour of light which it makes (illuminates)
Check the time it takes to blow
Check the max life of bulb
Check if switch on and switch off suddenly what will happen
Check the power consumption
Check the initial voltage it takes to blow
Check if voltage vary suddenly what will happen (increase or decrease)
Check what will happen when switch on bulb in less voltage
Check max heat dissipate when bulb is on
Along withall this we check for
Holder and sachet should be present to test the bulb
Check electricity connection should be there for that holder.
Check whether electricity is passing through that wire or not
Test cases for coffee machine ?
1. Plug the power cable and press the on button. The indicator bulb should glow indicating the machine is on.
2. Whether there are three different buttons Red, Blue and Green.
3. Whether Red indicated Coffee.
4. Whether Blue indicated Tea.
5. Whether Green indicated Milk.
6. Whether each button produces the correct out put (Coffee, Tea or Milk).
7. Whether the the desired out put is hot or not (Coffee, Tea or Milk).
8. Whether the quantity is exceeding the specified the limit of a cup.
9. Whether the power is off (including the power indicator) when pressed the off button.
Write Test Cases on white paper (For e.g. A4 size) ?
1.Check size of a page.
2.Check quality od paper by using different pen and pencils.
3.Check use of whitener on paper.
4.Check erase.
Can you please tell me the negative test case for a glass of water ?
To check the glass inside water is there or not
To check the the water i.e cooling water or hot water
To check that water quality i.e pure water or normal
For a triangle (sum of two sides is greater than or equal to the third side) what is the minimal number of test cases required. ?
The answer is 3
1. Measure all sides of the triangle.
2. Add the minnimum and second highest length of the triangle and store the result as Res.
3. Compare the Res with the largest side of the triangle
Differentiate between product quality and process quality ?
Product quality means we concentrate always final quality but in case of process quality we set the process parameter
What is gui test caes ?
Gui testcases is nothing but Graphical User Interface to check the given application in all aspects (full fill the microsoft standarsds) wether the total application is proper or not, look & feel, no spell mistakes, the alignment & total objects are present or not.
How can we write a good test case ?
Essentially a test case is a document that carries a Test Case ID no, title, type of test being conducted, Input, Action or Event to be performed, expected output and whether the Test Case has achieved the desired Output(Yes \ No)
Basically Test cases are based on the Test Plan, which includes each module and what to be tested in each module. Further each action in the module is further divided into testable components from where the Test Cases are derived.
Since the test case handles a single event at a time normally, as long as it reflects its relation to the Test plan, it can be called as a good test case. It does not matter whether the event passes or fails, as long as the component to be tested is addressed and can be related to in the Test Plan, the Test Case can be called a good Test Case.
What is the difference between UseCase and TestCase?Pls let me know with a detailed Example ?
Use Case is written in Business Design Document(BDD)by the Business Analyst.It is for understanding the functionality for the person who is involved in writing the testcases.
USE CASE EXAMPLEAction Response
when OK button is clicked Screen 1 appears
Testcase is different perceptions for a functionality to be tested. Usually written by Test Enginneer. The same person who has written the testcase may execute them or the other person
Above Usecase is converted into TestCase keeping in mind different perceptions (-ve and +ve)
Action Expected Value Actual Value Result
click on Ok screen 1 should appear(+ve perception) screen1 appeared pass
click on ok screen 2 should appear(-ve perception) screen 1 appeared fail
click on ok screen 2 should appear(-ve perception screen 2 appeared pass
Define Bug Life Cycle ? What is Metrics ?
When we find out the bug, we will put into the “open” status. After fixing the bug developer change the status as “fixed”. Again we will test the fixed part, if there is no bug, change the bug status as “Closed” other wise change the bug status as “Reopen”.
A s/w metric defines the a standard method of measuring certain attributes of the process or the product or the service.
What is done in Unit Testing ?
Module interface is tested
Local data structure is examined
Boundary conditions are tested
All independent paths are executed at least once
What is primary role of software testing ?
Determine whether the system meets specifications(producer view)
Determine whether the system meets business and user needs(customer view)
What is secondary roles of software testing ?
Raising issues
Installing confidence in the system
Providing insight into the software delivery process
Continuously improving the test process
Who participates in testing ?
Software customer
Software user
Software developer
Software Tester
Information service management
Senior organization management
Auditor
What are Defects ?
The purpose of testing is to uncover defects.
A defect is a variance from a desired product attribute.
How to apply Continuous improvement to the Testing ?
Examine the organization’s needs and Business Goals
Conduct Assessment
Initiate Process Improvement
Analyze Assessment Output and Derive Action Plan
Implement Improvements
Confirm Improvement
Sustain Improvement Gains
Monitor performance
What is a Metric ?
A metric is a mathematical number that shows a relationship between two variables.
Software Metrics are measure that are used to quantify the software, software development resource and software development process.
Metric – A quantitative measure of the degree to which a system ,component or process possesses a given attribute.
Metric generally classified into 2 types.
- Process Metric
a metric used to measure the characteristic of the methods, techniques and tools employed in developing, implementing and maintaining the software system
- Product Metric
A metric used to measure the characteristic of the documentation and code
What is quality?
Quality is defined as meeting the customer’s requirements in the first time and every time.
There are five perspectives of quality.
1 - Transcendent - I know when I see it.
2 - Product based - Possesses desired features.
3 - User based - Fitness for use.
4 - Development and manufacturing based -Confirms to requirements.
5 - Value based - At an acceptable cost.
Why quality?
Quality is the most important factor affecting an organization’s long term performance.
Quality is the way to achieve improved productivity and competitiveness in any organization.
Quality saves. It does not cost.
Quality is the solution to the problem, not a problem
When we know that testing is complete?
There are some points which indicate that testing is complete:
1.The exit criteria that was mentioned in the test plan document is achieved.
2.when we acheived number of successful test case execution at a specified level.
3.when rate of bug finding decrease from a specified level.
4.when manager said that ok stop.
5.when we dont have enough time to perform more test and have acheived a specified level of quality.
6.when the cost of fixing a bug is more then the impact of the bug in the system.
What is the difference between System Testing & End- to- end Testing?
System testing is testing the system as the whole i.e whether the system is working fine while end to end testing is testing the system from requirement phase to delivery phase
What is the diffrence between Regression testing and Retesting ?
Re-testing is a process of testing the fix of the bug in the same version or check whether the bug is fixed in the same version.
Regression testing is a process of checking whether the fix of the earlier bug break/effect some area in the application or process of checking the fixed bugs in the next upgrade version.
Regression Testing:-When test Engineer Found any defects in application bulid,Test Engineers report that defect to Development Team. when the development team resolved that defect and send to modified bulid to testing team. Then testing team conduct Regresstion test wether ther modified bulied is correctly working or not.
What is the Difference between Retest and Regression Testing?
Retest is testing the application with multiple sets of data.
Regression testing is to test the modified build
What is the role of tester in SDLC cycle ( in each phase )?
In the SDLC the tester should be involved at the beginning of the discussion, inception, analysis. Most will try and say not untill the Software Requirements Specfication(SRS) is written ... but that is not true. Testing should be involved from inception to the production phase of a project.
If there are a lot of bugs to be fixed, which one would you resolve first ?
From a Developer's point
Fixing the bugs which are risk free (less regressive issues)
From Q/A's point
Testing the Highest priortiy/severity ones
What is the differance between an exception and an error?
EXCEPTION : Unexpected event or happening,not related to SRS
BUG: Related to SRS,Found by testers.
ERROR:not related to SRS.Found by users
What is the difference between standard log and extended log ?
The standard log sends a subset of functions and messages sent during script execution to a log. The subset depends on the Vuser type Extended log sends a detailed script execution messages to the output log. This is mainly used during debugging when we want information about: Parameter substitution. Data returned by the server. Advanced trace.
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A
Active document: The document that has processing focus. You can have more than one document open
at a time; however, only one of the documents is active.
Active view: The view that has processing focus. You can have more than one view open at a time;
however, only one of the views is active. See also view.
Activity: A unit of work an individual, or a set of individuals working together as a team, may be asked to perform.
Actor: Someone or something outside the system that interacts with the system.
Add-ins command: A command on the Tools menu that allows you to add your own customized
commands to any RequisitePro menu. These menu commands can be used to start external applications,
such as e-mail or the Windows Notepad, directly from RequisitePro. In addition, you can configure a command to open an individual file with the application of your choice.
Administrators group: A group of users with full permissions to work in a project. These users can
change a project’s structure, create and modify data, modify and delete projectwide views, and set and maintain security permissions. Users can be added and removed from the group, but the group cannot be deleted. Administrator group permissions cannot be modified.
Anchor: The first item you click when using multiple select actions to select a range of items. In
RequisitePro, the term anchor is generally used to mean the first cell you click in a view. You use the anchor to select a range of cells. For example, if you click the cell in row 1, column 1 of a Traceability Matrix, that cell becomes the anchor. If you then Shift-click the cell in row 10, column 3 of the matrix, all of the cells in rows 1 through 10 and columns 1 through 3 are selected. To reset the anchor, click anywhere outside the range. The cell you click is the new anchor. You can also use an anchor to select a range of items in documents and in certain dialog boxes that support multiple select actions. See multiple select actions.
Archiving: The process of duplicating the database, documents, and all related files in a project for the purpose of restoring them at a later time.
Attribute: Descriptive information that provides important details about a requirement or discussion. See also requirement attribute.
attribute label. The name of the requirement attribute, such as risk, priority, or author. Also referred to
as requirement attribute label.
Attribute Matrix: A spreadsheet-like table view that displays requirements in rows and the attributes
that describe them in columns. You can add or change values in the attribute fields. Also referred to as
requirement Attribute Matrix.
Attribute type: A set of descriptive and operational information associated with a requirement attribute
when the attribute is created. Attribute values can be list-type or entry-type. For list-type attributes, you
select a textual attribute value from a list box. For entry-type attributes, you type in a value, such as a
number, text string, date, or time. Also referred to as requirement attribute type.
Attribute value: Information assigned to a requirement attribute. Attribute values can be text or
numbers. For example, the attribute priority can be assigned the values Low, Medium, and High. Also
referred to as requirement attribute value.
Author:The user responsible for creating or modifying a document or requirement.
author (version information). The user responsible for the changes associated with a given revision.
B
Baseline: A reviewed and approved release of artifacts that constitutes an agreed basis for further
evolution or development and that can be changed only through a formal procedure, such as change
management and configuration control. See also Unified Change Management.
Bookmark: A marker inserted at a specific point in a document to which the user may return for later
reference. In Microsoft Word, a bookmark is a location or selection of text named for reference purposes.
Bookmarks are implemented in RequisitePro documents to designate requirement text. Bookmarks are
designated by square brackets, as in the following: [example].
C
Change description (version information): Textual information that specifies the justification or
reasoning behind the changes associated with a given revision of a project, document, or requirement.
See also version information.
Change-managed relationship: A connection between two requirements that implies dependency or
another type of relationship. RequisitePro tracks two types of change-managed relationships: hierarchical
relationships and traceability relationships. Changes to either of the requirements can cause a “suspect”
condition in the relationship. See also suspect relationship state.
Child requirement: A requirement that participates in a hierarchical relationship with a parent
requirement. A child can have only one parent requirement. See also parent requirement, hierarchical
requirement.
Circular traceability relationship: A relationship between a requirement and itself, or an indirect
relationship that leads back to a previously traced-from node. Traceability relationships cannot have
circular references. RequisitePro checks for circular references each time you establish a traceability
relationship. RequisitePro also checks for circularity when you create an external relationship. The
circular check references only internal requirements and first-level external requirements.
Cross-project traceability: A RequisitePro feature that allows you to establish traceability relationships
between requirements that reside in different projects. See also external traceability.
CSV file: A comma-separated value text file, commonly used to exchange files between database
systems that use different formats. Sometimes called comma-delimited files, CSV files can be imported into
RequisitePro.
D
Deleted users group: A security group of users who have been removed from other groups, have no
permissions, and cannot log on to RequisitePro. This group is maintained by the project administrator for project history.
Dialog box: An interactive window displayed on the screen that solicits a response from the user.
Directory: A catalog for file names and other directories. A directory is an organization of files (or folders) grouped for the user’s convenience. The topmost directory is called the root directory. The directories within a directory are called subdirectories.
Discussions: A RequisitePro feature that lets you address comments, issues and questions to a group of
discussion participants. Discussions can be associated with one or more specific requirements or refer to
the project in general.
Discussion item: A discussion item is either the initial discussion topic or a response. A response can be
either to the initial discussion text or to another response.
Document: Any Microsoft Word document. It may be part of the RequisitePro project or outside the project, and it may or may not contain requirements.
Document outline: A reference document or template used to create new documents in RequisitePro. An
outline can include formats, page layout information, fonts, and Word styles. It is useful for maintaining
consistency across documents of the same type. Document outline information is stored in a .def file. It
includes the full name of the template, a description of the outline, and the associated Word template’s DOS filename (.dot).
Document properties: Specific items of information about a document. Documents have attributes associated with them such as author, date and time of last revision, and file name.
Document type: Defines descriptive and operational information associated with a requirements
document. The document type serves as a template for each requirements document you create of that
type. The document type defines the document’s file extension, such as .prd, all documents of the same
document type share the same file extension. The document type identifies a default requirement type;
each new requirement you create in the document is based on the default requirement type unless you
indicate otherwise. The document type also identifies a document template, which controls the
document page layout, default text, paragraph styles, and other structure.
Document version: A revision of a document, identified in the document properties revision history. A
new version is created when a document is changed and saved.
E
Enhancement request: A type of stakeholder request that specifies a new feature or functionality of the
system. Certain Rational RequisitePro requirement types have attributes that associate the requirement
with specific records in Rational ClearQuest. By default, if you are using a project based on the Use-Case
Project template, the feature (FEAT) requirement type includes EnhancementRequest and Defect
attributes that can associate the feature requirement with enhancement request and defect records in
ClearQuest.
Enterprise database: A database that is designed to support a large, networked organization. An
enterprise database offers scalability, security, and administrative features for large, complex projects.
RequisitePro supports the use of the enterprise databases Oracle and SQL Server.
Entry-type attributes: Entry-type attributes are numeric, text, time, or date values that are typed in by
project users. An entry-type attribute can be configured with a default value, which users can accept or
replace as they create or modify requirements. For example, if you want to set a default cost of $20,
format the entry-type attribute “Cost” to accept integer values and have a default value of 20.
attributes in the Attributes tab of the Project Properties dialog box. Requirement attributes can be entry
type or list type. If you have configured an integration with Rational ClearQuest, you have two
additional default requirement types, EnhancementRequest and Defect. See also attribute type, attribute
value. Compare list-type attributes.
Exclusive access: A condition by which access to a RequisitePro project and its documents is available
only to the user who opens the project. Exclusive access is required to change a variety of project
characteristics. You set access when you open a project. You can open a project and its documents in
exclusive mode only if the project and documents are not already open by another user.
Expand/collapse indicator: A small box displayed next to a requirement in a view, indicating that the
requirement has one or more child requirements, or next to a discussion item in the Discussions dialog
box, indicating that the discussion item has responses. The box contains a + or a -, indicating whether or
not the requirement or discussion is displayed in an expanded or collapsed state. An item that can be
expanded (that is, preceded by a +) contains hidden subitems that can be displayed. An item that can be
collapsed (that is, preceded by a -) does not have hidden subitems.
Explorer: RequisitePro’s primary navigation window. In this window, project artifacts (documents,
requirements, and views) are displayed in packages in a tree browser.
Export: To move information from one system or program to another. You can export requirements from
a RequisitePro view to Microsoft Word documents and to CSV files.
External project: A project containing requirements used to establish traceability relationships with
requirements in a currently open project.
External requirement: A requirement residing in an external project. You can create traceability
relationships between requirements in different projects.
External traceability: Traceability relationships between requirements in two RequisitePro projects.
F
File name extension: A DOS file name extension (for example, .prd). File name extensions are used in
RequisitePro to indicate document type and can contain a maximum of 20 characters.
Filtering: A process by which you can change the amount of information displayed in a view. You specify
certain criteria on which to filter information. You can filter requirements by specifying certain distinct
criteria for any or all of their attributes. For example, instead of displaying all requirements, you might
apply a filter to display only requirements having a high priority.
H
Hidden text: A Microsoft Word feature used to hide text within a document. Hidden text is delineated
with a dotted underline. A requirement within a Word document begins with a requirement tag
formatted in hidden text style. You can hide the tags for improved readability. Click Tools > Options,
and then click the View tab. Clear the Hidden text check box and click OK.
Hierarchical requirement: A requirement that is included within an ordered relationship with other
requirements of the same type. Use hierarchical relationships to subdivide a general requirement into
more explicit requirements. Child requirements provide additional detail for their parent requirement.
Parent requirement: The system shall display customer information. Child requirements provided for detail: Name, Address, Date of Birth.
Each child requirement can have only one parent, but a requirement can be both a parent and a child. If a
parent requirement is changed, the relationships with its children become suspect.
I
Import: To bring information from one system or program into another. In RequisitePro, you can import
documents and requirements from Microsoft Word and CSV files.
Integrated Use Case Management: An integration between Rational RequisitePro and Rational Rose
that allows you to associate use cases in Rose with RequisitePro documents and requirements. You can
easily navigate between Rose use-case models and RequisitePro use-case documents and requirements.
internationalization. The process of developing a program core whose feature and code designs do not
make assumptions on the basis of a single language or locale and whose source code base simplifies the
creation of different language editions of a program.
K
Keyboard shortcuts: A dialog box shortcut is a keyboard combination you can use to move to tabs, fields,
and buttons in a RequisitePro dialog box. To use a dialog box shortcut, press the Alt key while
simultaneously pressing the underlined letter in a dialog tab, field, or button. For example, in the Project
Properties, Document Properties, or Requirement Properties dialog boxes, press Alt-G to open the
General tab.
A menu shortcut is a keyboard combination you can use to open a menu. To use a menu shortcut, press
the Alt key while simultaneously pressing the underlined letter in the menu. For example, to open the
Requirement menu, press Alt-R. When a menu is displayed, you can select a command by pressing the
key for the underlined letter in the command.
Keyword: Words that are used to help specify and define requirements. Many organizations use words
such as shall, must, or will in their requirements, making it easier to separate a requirement from
surrounding text in the document. Keywords are a part of the definition of a requirement type. You enter
keywords in the Requirement Must Contain box in the Requirement Type dialog box.
L
Label (version information): A string (no more than 20 characters long) that contains user-defined
revision information. You can use a revision label for noting requirement, document, or project/archive
version information.
Licensed user: A RequisitePro user. Each user who is associated with a license of RequisitePro is a
licensed RequisitePro user.
List-type attributes: Requirement attributes are either list-type or entry-type. List-type attributes are sets
of descriptive values (for example, Status, which may contain the list values Proposed, Approved, In
progress, and Complete). You can assign single values or multiple values for list-type attributes. You
define attribute values in the Attributes tab in the Project Properties dialog box. See also attribute type,
attribute value. Compare entry-type attributes.
M
Matrix: An arrangement of rows and columns used for organizing related items in a view.
Menu file: A text file with specific syntax that is used to add menu commands to any RequisitePro
Menu: Menu files typically have an MNU or TXT file extension. Menu files are referenced using the
Add-ins command on the Tools menu. The commands appear on the RequisitePro menus in the order in
which they are specified in the menu file.
Menu shortcuts. See keyboard shortcuts.
Multiple select actions: Mouse actions and combination keyboard/mouse actions that you use to select
multiple items in RequisitePro. Use Ctrl-Click to select multiple items that are not adjacent to each other.
Hold down the Ctrl key and click the mouse. (You can also use Ctrl-click to clear a selected item.) Use
Shift-click to select a range of items. Hold down the Shift key and click the mouse. Use Drag to select a
range of items. With one item selected, drag the mouse. Release the mouse when the range is selected.
multiple value list. An attribute type that supports one-to-many associations. You can use a multiple
value list when you want to assign a requirement more than one value for a specific attribute.
For example, you might create an attribute type called Owner, with multiple values Bob, John, and Sue,
representing different users working on the same project. For this attribute, you might then assign only
the values Bob and Sue to a particular requirement, indicating that Bob and Sue are responsible for this
particular requirement, but John is not.
O
Offline author: A user who takes a RequisitePro document offline.
Offline authoring: A RequisitePro feature that lets users read and modify a document in Microsoft Word
Outside of RequisitePro (i.e., offline): When you take a document offline, RequisitePro creates a copy of
the document in the directory you specify. The original is still stored in RequisitePro, but it is changed to
a read-only document. Other users can view the document in RequisitePro, but they cannot edit it until
you bring it back online.
OLE: Object linking and embedding. You can create an OLE object in one application (original
application) and insert it into files in other (source) applications. If you modify the OLE object in its
original application, the changes are automatically reflected in any files containing the OLE object in a
source application. You can use OLE objects in RequisitePro requirements documents.
outline.
WinRunner testing process involves six main stages
1.Create GUI Map File so that WinRunner can recognize the GUI objects in the application being tested
2.Create test scripts by recording, programming, or a combination of both. While recording tests, insert checkpoints where you want to check the response of the application being tested.
3.Debug Test: run tests in Debug mode to make sure they run smoothly
4.Run Tests: run tests in Verify mode to test your application.
5.View Results: determines the success or failure of the tests.
6.Report Defects: If a test run fails due to a defect in the application being tested, you can report information about the defect directly from the Test Results window.
What is contained in the GUI map ?
WinRunner stores information it learns about a window or object in a GUI Map. When WinRunner runs a test, it uses the GUI map to locate objects. It reads an object’s description in the GUI map and then looks for an object with the same properties in the application being tested. Each of these objects in the GUI Map file will be having a logical name and a physical description. There are 2 types of GUI Map files. Global GUI Map file: a single GUI Map file for the entire application. GUI Map File per Test: WinRunner automatically creates a GUI Map file for each test created.
How does WinRunner recognize objects on the application ?
WinRunner uses the GUI Map file to recognize objects on the application. When WinRunner runs a test, it uses the GUI map to locate objects. It reads an object’s description in the GUI map and then looks for an object with the same properties in the application being tested.
Have you created test scripts and what is contained in the test scripts ?
Yes I have created test scripts. It contains the statement in Mercury Interactive’s Test Script Language (TSL). These statements appear as a test script in a test window. You can then enhance your recorded test script, either by typing in additional TSL functions and programming elements or by using WinRunner’s visual programming tool, the Function Generator.
How does WinRunner evaluate test results ?
Following each test run, WinRunner displays the results in a report. The report details all the major events that occurred during the run, such as checkpoints, error messages, system messages, or user messages. If mismatches are detected at checkpoints during the test run, you can view the expected results and the actual results from the Test Results window.
Have you performed debugging of the scripts ?
Yes, I have performed debugging of scripts. We can debug the script by executing the script in the debug mode. We can also debug script using the Step, Step Into, Step out functionalities provided by the WinRunner.
How do you run your test scripts ?
We run tests in Verify mode to test your application. Each time WinRunner encounters a checkpoint in the test script, it compares the current data of the application being tested to the expected data captured earlier. If any mismatches are found, WinRunner captures them as actual results.
How do you analyze results and report the defects ?
Following each test run, WinRunner displays the results in a report. The report details all the major events that occurred during the run, such as checkpoints, error messages, system messages, or user messages. If mismatches are detected at checkpoints during the test run, you can view the expected results and the actual results from the Test Results window. If a test run fails due to a defect in the application being tested, you can report information about the defect directly from the Test Results window. This information is sent via e-mail to the quality assurance manager, who tracks the defect until it is fixed.
What is the use of Test Director software ?
TestDirector is Mercury Interactive’s software test management tool. It helps quality assurance personnel plan and organize the testing process. With TestDirector you can create a database of manual and automated tests, build test cycles, run tests, and report and track defects. You can also create reports and graphs to help review the progress of planning tests, running tests, and tracking defects before a software release.
Have you integrated your automated scripts from TestDirector ?
When you work with WinRunner, you can choose to save your tests directly to your TestDirector database or while creating a test case in the TestDirector we can specify whether the script in automated or manual. And if it is automated script then TestDirector will build a skeleton for the script that can be later modified into one which could be used to test the AUT.
What are the different modes of recording ?
There are two type of recording in WinRunner. Context Sensitive recording records the operations you perform on your application by identifying Graphical User Interface (GUI) objects. Analog recording records keyboard input, mouse clicks, and the precise x- and y-coordinates traveled by the mouse pointer across the screen.
What is the purpose of loading WinRunner Add-Ins ?
Add-Ins are used in WinRunner to load functions specific to the particular add-in to the memory. While creating a script only those functions in the add-in selected will be listed in the function generator and while executing the script only those functions in the loaded add-in will be executed else WinRunner will give an error message saying it does not recognize the function.
What are the reasons that WinRunner fails to identify an object on the GUI ?
WinRunner fails to identify an object in a GUI due to various reasons. The object is not a standard windows object. If the browser used is not compatible with the WinRunner version, GUI Map Editor will not be able to learn any of the objects displayed in the browser window.
What is meant by the logical name of the object ?
An object’s logical name is determined by its class. In most cases, the logical name is the label that appears on an object.
If the object does not have a name then what will be the logical name ?
If the object does not have a name then the logical name could be the attached text.
What is the different between GUI map and GUI map files ?
The GUI map is actually the sum of one or more GUI map files. There are two modes for organizing GUI map files. Global GUI Map file: a single GUI Map file for the entire application. GUI Map File per Test: WinRunner automatically creates a GUI Map file for each test created.
GUI Map file is a file which contains the windows and the objects learned by the WinRunner with its logical name and their physical description.
How do you view the contents of the GUI map ?
GUI Map editor displays the content of a GUI Map. We can invoke GUI Map Editor from the Tools Menu in WinRunner. The GUI Map Editor displays the various GUI Map files created and the windows and objects learned in to them with their logical name and physical description.
When you create GUI map do you record all the objects of specific objects ?
If we are learning a window then WinRunner automatically learns all the objects in the window else we will we identifying those object, which are to be learned in a window, since we will be working with only those objects while creating scripts.
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What is load testing ?
Load testing is to test that if the application works fine with the loads that result from large number of simultaneous users, transactions and to determine weather it can handle peak usage periods.
What is Performance testing ?
Timing for both read and update transactions should be gathered to determine whether system functions are being performed in an acceptable timeframe. This should be done standalone and then in a multi user environment to determine the effect of multiple transactions on the timing of a single transaction.
Explain the Load testing process ?
Step 1: Planning the test. Here, we develop a clearly defined test plan to ensure the test scenarios we develop will accomplish load-testing objectives.
Step 2: Creating Vusers. Here, we create Vuser scripts that contain tasks performed by each Vuser, tasks performed by Vusers as a whole, and tasks measured as transactions.
Step 3: Creating the scenario. A scenario describes the events that occur during a testing session. It includes a list of machines, scripts, and Vusers that run during the scenario. We create scenarios using LoadRunner Controller. We can create manual scenarios as well as goal-oriented scenarios. In manual scenarios, we define the number of Vusers, the load generator machines, and percentage of Vusers to be assigned to each script. For web tests, we may create a goal-oriented scenario where we define the goal that our test has to achieve. LoadRunner automatically builds a scenario for us.
Step 4: Running the scenario.
We emulate load on the server by instructing multiple Vusers to perform tasks simultaneously. Before the testing, we set the scenario configuration and scheduling. We can run the entire scenario, Vuser groups, or individual Vusers.
Step 5: Monitoring the scenario.
We monitor scenario execution using the LoadRunner online runtime, transaction, system resource, Web resource, Web server resource, Web application server resource, database server resource, network delay, streaming media resource, firewall server resource, ERP server resource, and Java performance monitors.
Step 6: Analyzing test results. During scenario execution, LoadRunner records the performance of the application under different loads. We use LoadRunner’s graphs and reports to analyze the application’s performance.
When do you do load and performance Testing ?
We perform load testing once we are done with interface (GUI) testing. Modern system architectures are large and complex. Whereas single user testing primarily on functionality and user interface of a system component, application testing focuses on performance and reliability of an entire system. For example, a typical application-testing scenario might depict 1000 users logging in simultaneously to a system. This gives rise to issues such as what is the response time of the system, does it crash, will it go with different software applications and platforms, can it hold so many hundreds and thousands of users, etc. This is when we set do load and performance testing.
What are the components of LoadRunner ?
The components of LoadRunner are The Virtual User Generator, Controller, and the Agent process, LoadRunner Analysis and Monitoring, LoadRunner Books Online.
What Component of LoadRunner would you use to record a Script ?
The Virtual User Generator (VuGen) component is used to record a script. It enables you to develop Vuser scripts for a variety of application types and communication protocols.
What Component of LoadRunner would you use to play Back the script in multi user mode ?
The Controller component is used to playback the script in multi-user mode. This is done during a scenario run where a vuser script is executed by a number of vusers in a group.
What is a rendezvous point ?
You insert rendezvous points into Vuser scripts to emulate heavy user load on the server. Rendezvous points instruct Vusers to wait during test execution for multiple Vusers to arrive at a certain point, in order that they may simultaneously perform a task. For example, to emulate peak load on the bank server, you can insert a rendezvous point instructing 100 Vusers to deposit cash into their accounts at the same time.
What is a scenario ?
A scenario defines the events that occur during each testing session. For example, a scenario defines and controls the number of users to emulate, the actions to be performed, and the machines on which the virtual users run their emulations.
Explain the recording mode for web Vuser script ?
We use VuGen to develop a Vuser script by recording a user performing typical business processes on a client application. VuGen creates the script by recording the activity between the client and the server. For example, in web based applications, VuGen monitors the client end of the database and traces all the requests sent to, and received from, the database server. We use VuGen to: Monitor the communication between the application and the server; Generate the required function calls; and Insert the generated function calls into a Vuser script.
Why do you create parameters ?
Parameters are like script variables. They are used to vary input to the server and to emulate real users. Different sets of data are sent to the server each time the script is run. Better simulate the usage model for more accurate testing from the Controller; one script can emulate many different users on the system.
What is a function to capture dynamic values in the web Vuser script ?
Web_reg_save_param function saves dynamic data information to a parameter.
Where do you set Iteration for Vuser testing ?
We set Iterations in the Run Time Settings of the VuGen. The navigation for this is Run time settings, Pacing tab, set number of iterations.
How do you perform functional testing under load ?
Functionality under load can be tested by running several Vusers concurrently. By increasing the amount of Vusers, we can determine how much load the server can sustain.
What is Ramp up ? How do you set this ?
This option is used to gradually increase the amount of Vusers/load on the server. An initial value is set and a value to wait between intervals can be specified. To set Ramp Up, go to ‘Scenario Scheduling Options’
What is correlation ? Explain the difference between automatic correlation and manual correlation ?
Correlation is used to obtain data which are unique for each run of the script and which are generated by nested queries. Correlation provides the value to avoid errors arising out of duplicate values and also optimizing the code (to avoid nested queries). Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be application server specific. Here values are replaced by data which are created by these rules. In manual correlation, the value we want to correlate is scanned and create correlation is used to correlate.
How do you find out where correlation is required ? Give few examples from your projects ?
Two ways: First we can scan for correlations, and see the list of values which can be correlated. From this we can pick a value to be correlated.
Secondly, we can record two scripts and compare them. We can look up the difference file to see for the values which needed to be correlated. In my project, there was a unique id developed for each customer, it was nothing but Insurance Number, it was generated automatically and it was sequential and this value was unique. I had to correlate this value, in order to avoid errors while running my script. I did using scan for correlation.
When do you disable log in Virtual User Generator, When do you choose standard and extended logs ?
Once we debug our script and verify that it is functional, we can enable logging for errors only. When we add a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled. Standard Log Option: When you select
Standard log, it creates a standard log of functions and messages sent during script execution to use for debugging. Disable this option for large load testing scenarios. When you copy a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled Extended Log Option: Select
extended log to create an extended log, including warnings and other messages. Disable this option for large load testing scenarios. When you copy a script to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled. We can specify which additional information should be added to the extended log using the Extended log options.
How do you debug a LoadRunner script ?
VuGen contains two options to help debug Vuser scripts-the Run Step by Step command and breakpoints. The Debug settings in the Options dialog box allow us to determine the extent of the trace to be performed during scenario execution. The debug information is written to the Output window. We can manually set the message class within your script using the lr_set_debug_message function. This is useful if we want to receive debug information about a small section of the script only.
What is the advantage of running the Vuser as thread ?
VuGen provides the facility to use multithreading. This enables more Vusers to be run per
generator. If the Vuser is run as a process, the same driver program is loaded into memory for each Vuser, thus taking up a large amount of memory. This limits the number of Vusers that can be run on a single
generator. If the Vuser is run as a thread, only one instance of the driver program is loaded into memory for the given number of Vusers (say 100). Each thread shares the memory of the parent driver program, thus enabling more Vusers to be run per generator.
If you want to stop the execution of your script on error, how do you do that ?
The lr_abort function aborts the execution of a Vuser script. It instructs the Vuser to stop executing the Actions section, execute the vuser_end section and end the execution. This function is useful when you need to manually abort a script execution as a result of a specific error condition. When you end a script using this function, the Vuser is assigned the status "Stopped". For this to take effect, we have to first uncheck the “Continue on error” option in Run-Time Settings.
What is the relation between Response Time and Throughput ?
The Throughput graph shows the amount of data in bytes that the Vusers received from the server in a second. When we compare this with the transaction response time, we will notice that as throughput decreased, the response time also decreased. Similarly, the peak throughput and highest response time would occur approximately at the same time.
Explain the Configuration of your systems ?
The configuration of our systems refers to that of the client machines on which we run the Vusers. The configuration of any client machine includes its hardware settings, memory, operating system, software applications, development tools, etc. This system component configuration should match with the overall system configuration that would include the network infrastructure, the web server, the database server, and any other components that go with this larger system so as to achieve the load testing objectives.
How do you identify the performance bottlenecks ?
Performance Bottlenecks can be detected by using monitors. These monitors might be application server monitors, web server monitors, database server monitors and network monitors. They help in finding out the troubled area in our scenario which causes increased response time. The measurements made are usually performance response time, throughput, hits/sec, network delay graphs, etc.
If web server, database and Network are all fine where could be the problem ?
The problem could be in the system itself or in the application server or in the code written for the application.
How did you find web server related issues ?
Using Web resource monitors we can find the performance of web servers. Using these monitors we can analyze throughput on the web server, number of hits per second that
occurred during scenario, the number of http responses per second, the number of downloaded pages per second.
How did you find database related issues ?
By running “Database” monitor and help of “Data Resource Graph” we can find database related issues. E.g. You can specify the resource you want to measure on before running the controller and than you can see database related issues
What is the difference between Overlay graph and Correlate graph ?
Overlay Graph: It overlay the content of two graphs that shares a common x-axis. Left Y-axis on the merged graph show’s the current graph’s value & Right Y-axis show the value of Y-axis of the graph that was merged. Correlate Graph: Plot the Y-axis of two graphs against each other. The active graph’s Y-axis becomes X-axis of merged graph. Y-axis of the graph that was merged becomes merged graph’s Y-axis.
How did you plan the Load? What are the Criteria ?
Load test is planned to decide the number of users, what kind of machines we are going to use and from where they are run. It is based on 2 important documents, Task Distribution Diagram and Transaction profile. Task Distribution Diagram gives us the information on number of users for a particular transaction and the time of the load. The peak usage and off-usage are decided from this Diagram. Transaction profile gives us the information about the transactions name and their priority levels with regard to the scenario we are deciding.
What does vuser_init action contain ?
Vuser_init action contains procedures to login to a server.
What does vuser_end action contain ?
Vuser_end section contains log off procedures.
What is think time? How do you change the threshold ?
Think time is the time that a real user waits between actions. Example: When a user receives data from a server, the user may wait several seconds to review the data before responding. This delay is known as the think time. Changing the Threshold: Threshold level is the level below which the recorded think time will be ignored. The default value is five (5) seconds. We can change the think time threshold in the Recording options of the Vugen.
How to write test cases for use cases? Please give me example
In software engineering, a use case is
1. A technique for capturing the potential requirements of a new system or software change.
2. Each use case provides one or more scenarios that convey how the system should interact with the end user or another system to achieve a specific business goal.
3. Use cases typically avoid technical jargon, preferring instead the language of the end user or domain expert.
4. Use cases are often co-authored by software developers and end users.
By defenition of usecases , we just follow the requirement document so we concentrate of testing like
functionality testing, acceptance testing, Alpha testing etc
How can we write a good test case?
Essentially a test case is a document that carries a Test Case ID no, title, type of test being conducted, Input, Action or Event to be performed, expected output and whether the Test Case has achieved the desired Output(Yes \ No)
Basically Test cases are based on the Test Plan, which includes each module and what to be tested in each module. Further each action in the module is further divided into testable components from where the Test Cases are derived.
Since the test case handles a single event at a time normally, as long as it reflects its relation to the Test plan, it can be called as a good test case. It does not matter whether the event passes or fails, as long as the component to be tested is addressed and can be related to in the Test Plan, the Test Case can be called a good Test Case.
How is test case written?
Effective test case format:
test case name
test case id
test suite id
feature to be tested
priority
test enviorment
test setup
test duration
test procedure
1.step no
2 action
3 input required
4expected
5 actual
6 result
7 comment
test effort
test case pass or fail criteria
What are the test cases for mouse?
Test cases for mouse (few)
Mainly check mouse is attached system, color, check it buttons on it. etc
1. Objective is to verify that when we click the right mouse button is it going to open list of that particular file or anything.
Description(test case) is point to one file or anything and click the right mouse button
Expected is it opens the list regarding that file (eg:list includes properites and etc)
2.Objective is to verify that when we click the left mouse button twice is it going to open that particular file or not.
Description is point to one file and double click on that
expected is it open that particular file
3. Objective is to verify the scroll butoon scrolls the particular page or not
Description is point to one page or file and use the scroll button
Expected is it scrolls the page down or up
Test cases for mobile phone ?
1. Check whether Battery is inserted into mobile properly
2. Check Switch on/Switch off of the Mobile
3. Insert the sim into the phone & Check
4. Add one user with name and phone number in Address book
5. Check the Incoming call
6. Check the outgoing call
7. send/receive messages for that mobile
8. Check all the numbers/Characters on the phone working fine by clicking on them..
9. Remove the user from phone book & Check removed properly with name and phone number
10. Check whether Network working fine..
11. If its GPRS enabled Check for the connectivity.
Write a test case for telephone?
Test case for telephone:
1. To check connectivity of telephone line or cable
2. To check the modem to determine whether it is functioning or not
3. To check dial tone of the phone
4. To check the keypad while you dial any valid number on the phone
5. To check ring tone with it’s volume levels
6. To check voice of both sides (from and to) of the phone
7. To check display monitor if the phone has
8. To check redial option whether its functioning or not
10. To check the company standard of phone
11. To check the weight and color of the phone
12. To check loud speaker whether it is functioning or notany missing above then you can add any more test cases
Write the test cases for ATM in security point of view?
1. succesful card insertion
2. unsuccessful operation due to wrong angle card insertion.
3.unsuccesssful operation due to invalid account card
4. successful entry of pin number.
5.unsuccessful operation due to wrong pin number entered 3 times.
6. successful selection of language.
7. successful selection of account type
8. unsuccessful operation due to wrong account type selected w/r to that inserted card.
9. successful selection of withdrawl option.
10. successful selection of amount.
11. unsuccessful operation due to wrong denominations.
12. successful withdrawl operation.
13. unsuccessful withdrawl operation due to amount greater than possible balance.
14. unsucceful due to lack of amount in ATM.
15. un due to amount greater than the day limit.
16. un due to server down.
17. un due to click cancel after insert card.
18.un due to click cancel after indert card and pin no.
19. un due to click cancel after language selection,account type selection,withdrawl selection, enter amount
What are the test cases for one Rs Coin Box(Telephone box) ?
Possitive test cases:
1.Pick up the dial
Expected: Should display the message " Insert one rupee coin"
2. Insert the new(model) coin
Expected: Should get the dial tone
3. When you get a busy tone, hang-up the reciever
Expected: The inserted one rupee coin comes out of the exit door.
4. finish off the conversation and hang-up the reciever
Expected: The inserted coin should not come out.
5. During the conversation, in case of a local call, (assume the duration is of 60 secs), when 45 secs are completed
Expected: It shoul prompt you to insert another coin to continue by giving beeps.
6. In the above scenario, if another coin is inserted
Expected: 60 secs will be added to the counter.
7. In the TC5 scenario, if you don't insert one more coin.
Expected: The call gets ended.
8. Pick up the reciever. Insert appropriate one rupee coin, Dial the number after hering the ring tone. Assume it got connected and you are getting the ring tone. Immediately you end up the call.
Expected: The inserted one rupee coin comes out of the exit door.
Write a test case of login window?
Login window:
1 focus to window to height,wedth of the text boxes
2 enter username for allow lowercase, special charecters (some of char allow only),numericals.
3 password, which is encrypted only allow
4 then enable "ok"button.
5 if miss matching of any username&password then it display the worning message window
How to write Test cases for Lift?
According to me following things could be tested:
1.Capacity of the lift
2.usability (whether its easy to operate or not)
3.Functionality( whether it functions properly or not)
4.comfort (whether a person is comfortable in it or not)
5.height
6.weight
7.volume
8.time it takes to reach every floor
9.test for maximum capacity of the lift
10.test for more than max capacity
11.check the working in case of a power failure
Write a test case for computer keyboard
1.to check the keyboard company
2.to check the keyboard category i.e normal keyboard or multimedia keyboard
3.to check the total no of keys in that keyboard
4.to check the keyboard type i.e normal or PS/2
5.to check the keyboard color i.e white or black
6.to check default NumLock should be in on condition
7.Default the caps lock and scroll lock should be in off condition
8.to check the keyboard wire length
9.to check all keys are working properly or not
How do you go about testing a web application ?
It’s clear that for testing any application, one should be clear about the requirements and specification documents.
For testing Web application, the tester should know, what the web application deals with.
For Testing Web application, the test cases written should be in two different types,
1) The Test cases related to the Look and Feel of the Web pages and navigation
2) The test cases related to the functionality of the web application.
Make sure, whether the web application is connected to the Database for the inputs.
Write Test cases based on the Database and write test cases for the backend testing as well if there is any database. The web application should be tested for the server response time for displaying the web pages, Make sure the web pages under load as well. For load testing, the tools are very much useful for simulating the many users.
Write Testcase for Search Engine ?
Test Case for Search Engine
Check for cursor on the search text box in the starting postition
Check whether the blank space is trimmed on starting of the first word in the text box
On no entry done in text box, check the engine does not discplay any result
Check no result is displayed on only single special character is entered in text box
Check the search response time
Check the total number of results to be displayed in one page
Check the page resolution
Check the URLs' uncheked are coloured BLUE & checked are Maroon
Check for total number of results found for a search
Check whether the search text box is present on top & bottom of the page
How to write testcases for n Factorial ?
n! means n(n-1)(n-2)......3,2,1
First Check the given integer is positive. If the given integer is negative, n! is not defined. If the given number is fraction, n! is not defined. Check the given number is 0, n! is 1hope u'll get an idea...if any wrong in this....correct me...
or
We can write following test cases
Verify for result whn n is non-numeric
Verify for result when nis negative
Verify for n = 0 (A valid case)
Verify for n = 3(A valid case)
What is the test plan for Notepad and MS Word ?
Test Plan for Notepad:
Verify notepad option in "Run" dailog box.
Verify "OK" button.
Verify when click on "ok" button whether it shows Untitled Notepad window open with cursor or not
Verify New, Open, save, Save As, Close etc options in file menu.
Test Plan for Ms Word:
Verify Ms Word option in Ms Office tools .
Verify Verify All options in wordpad
Verify scrolling button when page is greater than the desktop size.
Verify it indicates red colour when we mistake in typing the letters.
Verify changes in page nos when one page is completed .
How many test cases a testing engineer prepares and executes per day ?
The answer to this question cannot be told in specific numbers as to how much test cases can be prepared and excuted by a tester in a day.
It totally depends upon the type of application you have to test, might be simple, medium or complex. It also depends how many test sceanrios or test cases you tend to think of regarding the etsting of that application, I mean to say, both positive test cases and negative test cases. It also depends as to how many modules are there in your application for testing and how simple or complex the functionalities are there in each module.
Hence this question depends upon a number of factors to deal with it first. Suppose you prepare 50 tst cases for a particular module, then you have to execute all the test cases in a defines period as mentioned in the project plan. Then you define your testing process as to how many cycles you need for testing the application completely.etc.
How to write tets cases for electric bulb please explain me in brief ?
Test cases for electric bulb:
The bulb should be of required shape and size
Should be able to be fitted and removed from the holder
Should sustain the voltage for which it is designed for
Should glow on switching on
Should not glow on switching off
Should glow with reqd illumination (correct me if wrong)
Life of the bulb should meet the requirement
I think still more cases are there
Check the colour appearance of the bulb
Check the colour of light which it makes (illuminates)
Check the time it takes to blow
Check the max life of bulb
Check if switch on and switch off suddenly what will happen
Check the power consumption
Check the initial voltage it takes to blow
Check if voltage vary suddenly what will happen (increase or decrease)
Check what will happen when switch on bulb in less voltage
Check max heat dissipate when bulb is on
Along withall this we check for
Holder and sachet should be present to test the bulb
Check electricity connection should be there for that holder.
Check whether electricity is passing through that wire or not
Test cases for coffee machine ?
1. Plug the power cable and press the on button. The indicator bulb should glow indicating the machine is on.
2. Whether there are three different buttons Red, Blue and Green.
3. Whether Red indicated Coffee.
4. Whether Blue indicated Tea.
5. Whether Green indicated Milk.
6. Whether each button produces the correct out put (Coffee, Tea or Milk).
7. Whether the the desired out put is hot or not (Coffee, Tea or Milk).
8. Whether the quantity is exceeding the specified the limit of a cup.
9. Whether the power is off (including the power indicator) when pressed the off button.
Write Test Cases on white paper (For e.g. A4 size) ?
1.Check size of a page.
2.Check quality od paper by using different pen and pencils.
3.Check use of whitener on paper.
4.Check erase.
Can you please tell me the negative test case for a glass of water ?
To check the glass inside water is there or not
To check the the water i.e cooling water or hot water
To check that water quality i.e pure water or normal
For a triangle (sum of two sides is greater than or equal to the third side) what is the minimal number of test cases required. ?
The answer is 3
1. Measure all sides of the triangle.
2. Add the minnimum and second highest length of the triangle and store the result as Res.
3. Compare the Res with the largest side of the triangle
Differentiate between product quality and process quality ?
Product quality means we concentrate always final quality but in case of process quality we set the process parameter
What is gui test caes ?
Gui testcases is nothing but Graphical User Interface to check the given application in all aspects (full fill the microsoft standarsds) wether the total application is proper or not, look & feel, no spell mistakes, the alignment & total objects are present or not.
How can we write a good test case ?
Essentially a test case is a document that carries a Test Case ID no, title, type of test being conducted, Input, Action or Event to be performed, expected output and whether the Test Case has achieved the desired Output(Yes \ No)
Basically Test cases are based on the Test Plan, which includes each module and what to be tested in each module. Further each action in the module is further divided into testable components from where the Test Cases are derived.
Since the test case handles a single event at a time normally, as long as it reflects its relation to the Test plan, it can be called as a good test case. It does not matter whether the event passes or fails, as long as the component to be tested is addressed and can be related to in the Test Plan, the Test Case can be called a good Test Case.
What is the difference between UseCase and TestCase?Pls let me know with a detailed Example ?
Use Case is written in Business Design Document(BDD)by the Business Analyst.It is for understanding the functionality for the person who is involved in writing the testcases.
USE CASE EXAMPLEAction Response
when OK button is clicked Screen 1 appears
Testcase is different perceptions for a functionality to be tested. Usually written by Test Enginneer. The same person who has written the testcase may execute them or the other person
Above Usecase is converted into TestCase keeping in mind different perceptions (-ve and +ve)
Action Expected Value Actual Value Result
click on Ok screen 1 should appear(+ve perception) screen1 appeared pass
click on ok screen 2 should appear(-ve perception) screen 1 appeared fail
click on ok screen 2 should appear(-ve perception screen 2 appeared pass
Define Bug Life Cycle ? What is Metrics ?
When we find out the bug, we will put into the “open” status. After fixing the bug developer change the status as “fixed”. Again we will test the fixed part, if there is no bug, change the bug status as “Closed” other wise change the bug status as “Reopen”.
A s/w metric defines the a standard method of measuring certain attributes of the process or the product or the service.
What is done in Unit Testing ?
Module interface is tested
Local data structure is examined
Boundary conditions are tested
All independent paths are executed at least once
What is primary role of software testing ?
Determine whether the system meets specifications(producer view)
Determine whether the system meets business and user needs(customer view)
What is secondary roles of software testing ?
Raising issues
Installing confidence in the system
Providing insight into the software delivery process
Continuously improving the test process
Who participates in testing ?
Software customer
Software user
Software developer
Software Tester
Information service management
Senior organization management
Auditor
What are Defects ?
The purpose of testing is to uncover defects.
A defect is a variance from a desired product attribute.
How to apply Continuous improvement to the Testing ?
Examine the organization’s needs and Business Goals
Conduct Assessment
Initiate Process Improvement
Analyze Assessment Output and Derive Action Plan
Implement Improvements
Confirm Improvement
Sustain Improvement Gains
Monitor performance
What is a Metric ?
A metric is a mathematical number that shows a relationship between two variables.
Software Metrics are measure that are used to quantify the software, software development resource and software development process.
Metric – A quantitative measure of the degree to which a system ,component or process possesses a given attribute.
Metric generally classified into 2 types.
- Process Metric
a metric used to measure the characteristic of the methods, techniques and tools employed in developing, implementing and maintaining the software system
- Product Metric
A metric used to measure the characteristic of the documentation and code
What is quality?
Quality is defined as meeting the customer’s requirements in the first time and every time.
There are five perspectives of quality.
1 - Transcendent - I know when I see it.
2 - Product based - Possesses desired features.
3 - User based - Fitness for use.
4 - Development and manufacturing based -Confirms to requirements.
5 - Value based - At an acceptable cost.
Why quality?
Quality is the most important factor affecting an organization’s long term performance.
Quality is the way to achieve improved productivity and competitiveness in any organization.
Quality saves. It does not cost.
Quality is the solution to the problem, not a problem
When we know that testing is complete?
There are some points which indicate that testing is complete:
1.The exit criteria that was mentioned in the test plan document is achieved.
2.when we acheived number of successful test case execution at a specified level.
3.when rate of bug finding decrease from a specified level.
4.when manager said that ok stop.
5.when we dont have enough time to perform more test and have acheived a specified level of quality.
6.when the cost of fixing a bug is more then the impact of the bug in the system.
What is the difference between System Testing & End- to- end Testing?
System testing is testing the system as the whole i.e whether the system is working fine while end to end testing is testing the system from requirement phase to delivery phase
What is the diffrence between Regression testing and Retesting ?
Re-testing is a process of testing the fix of the bug in the same version or check whether the bug is fixed in the same version.
Regression testing is a process of checking whether the fix of the earlier bug break/effect some area in the application or process of checking the fixed bugs in the next upgrade version.
Regression Testing:-When test Engineer Found any defects in application bulid,Test Engineers report that defect to Development Team. when the development team resolved that defect and send to modified bulid to testing team. Then testing team conduct Regresstion test wether ther modified bulied is correctly working or not.
What is the Difference between Retest and Regression Testing?
Retest is testing the application with multiple sets of data.
Regression testing is to test the modified build
What is the role of tester in SDLC cycle ( in each phase )?
In the SDLC the tester should be involved at the beginning of the discussion, inception, analysis. Most will try and say not untill the Software Requirements Specfication(SRS) is written ... but that is not true. Testing should be involved from inception to the production phase of a project.
If there are a lot of bugs to be fixed, which one would you resolve first ?
From a Developer's point
Fixing the bugs which are risk free (less regressive issues)
From Q/A's point
Testing the Highest priortiy/severity ones
What is the differance between an exception and an error?
EXCEPTION : Unexpected event or happening,not related to SRS
BUG: Related to SRS,Found by testers.
ERROR:not related to SRS.Found by users
What is the difference between standard log and extended log ?
The standard log sends a subset of functions and messages sent during script execution to a log. The subset depends on the Vuser type Extended log sends a detailed script execution messages to the output log. This is mainly used during debugging when we want information about: Parameter substitution. Data returned by the server. Advanced trace.
----------------
A
Active document: The document that has processing focus. You can have more than one document open
at a time; however, only one of the documents is active.
Active view: The view that has processing focus. You can have more than one view open at a time;
however, only one of the views is active. See also view.
Activity: A unit of work an individual, or a set of individuals working together as a team, may be asked to perform.
Actor: Someone or something outside the system that interacts with the system.
Add-ins command: A command on the Tools menu that allows you to add your own customized
commands to any RequisitePro menu. These menu commands can be used to start external applications,
such as e-mail or the Windows Notepad, directly from RequisitePro. In addition, you can configure a command to open an individual file with the application of your choice.
Administrators group: A group of users with full permissions to work in a project. These users can
change a project’s structure, create and modify data, modify and delete projectwide views, and set and maintain security permissions. Users can be added and removed from the group, but the group cannot be deleted. Administrator group permissions cannot be modified.
Anchor: The first item you click when using multiple select actions to select a range of items. In
RequisitePro, the term anchor is generally used to mean the first cell you click in a view. You use the anchor to select a range of cells. For example, if you click the cell in row 1, column 1 of a Traceability Matrix, that cell becomes the anchor. If you then Shift-click the cell in row 10, column 3 of the matrix, all of the cells in rows 1 through 10 and columns 1 through 3 are selected. To reset the anchor, click anywhere outside the range. The cell you click is the new anchor. You can also use an anchor to select a range of items in documents and in certain dialog boxes that support multiple select actions. See multiple select actions.
Archiving: The process of duplicating the database, documents, and all related files in a project for the purpose of restoring them at a later time.
Attribute: Descriptive information that provides important details about a requirement or discussion. See also requirement attribute.
attribute label. The name of the requirement attribute, such as risk, priority, or author. Also referred to
as requirement attribute label.
Attribute Matrix: A spreadsheet-like table view that displays requirements in rows and the attributes
that describe them in columns. You can add or change values in the attribute fields. Also referred to as
requirement Attribute Matrix.
Attribute type: A set of descriptive and operational information associated with a requirement attribute
when the attribute is created. Attribute values can be list-type or entry-type. For list-type attributes, you
select a textual attribute value from a list box. For entry-type attributes, you type in a value, such as a
number, text string, date, or time. Also referred to as requirement attribute type.
Attribute value: Information assigned to a requirement attribute. Attribute values can be text or
numbers. For example, the attribute priority can be assigned the values Low, Medium, and High. Also
referred to as requirement attribute value.
Author:The user responsible for creating or modifying a document or requirement.
author (version information). The user responsible for the changes associated with a given revision.
B
Baseline: A reviewed and approved release of artifacts that constitutes an agreed basis for further
evolution or development and that can be changed only through a formal procedure, such as change
management and configuration control. See also Unified Change Management.
Bookmark: A marker inserted at a specific point in a document to which the user may return for later
reference. In Microsoft Word, a bookmark is a location or selection of text named for reference purposes.
Bookmarks are implemented in RequisitePro documents to designate requirement text. Bookmarks are
designated by square brackets, as in the following: [example].
C
Change description (version information): Textual information that specifies the justification or
reasoning behind the changes associated with a given revision of a project, document, or requirement.
See also version information.
Change-managed relationship: A connection between two requirements that implies dependency or
another type of relationship. RequisitePro tracks two types of change-managed relationships: hierarchical
relationships and traceability relationships. Changes to either of the requirements can cause a “suspect”
condition in the relationship. See also suspect relationship state.
Child requirement: A requirement that participates in a hierarchical relationship with a parent
requirement. A child can have only one parent requirement. See also parent requirement, hierarchical
requirement.
Circular traceability relationship: A relationship between a requirement and itself, or an indirect
relationship that leads back to a previously traced-from node. Traceability relationships cannot have
circular references. RequisitePro checks for circular references each time you establish a traceability
relationship. RequisitePro also checks for circularity when you create an external relationship. The
circular check references only internal requirements and first-level external requirements.
Cross-project traceability: A RequisitePro feature that allows you to establish traceability relationships
between requirements that reside in different projects. See also external traceability.
CSV file: A comma-separated value text file, commonly used to exchange files between database
systems that use different formats. Sometimes called comma-delimited files, CSV files can be imported into
RequisitePro.
D
Deleted users group: A security group of users who have been removed from other groups, have no
permissions, and cannot log on to RequisitePro. This group is maintained by the project administrator for project history.
Dialog box: An interactive window displayed on the screen that solicits a response from the user.
Directory: A catalog for file names and other directories. A directory is an organization of files (or folders) grouped for the user’s convenience. The topmost directory is called the root directory. The directories within a directory are called subdirectories.
Discussions: A RequisitePro feature that lets you address comments, issues and questions to a group of
discussion participants. Discussions can be associated with one or more specific requirements or refer to
the project in general.
Discussion item: A discussion item is either the initial discussion topic or a response. A response can be
either to the initial discussion text or to another response.
Document: Any Microsoft Word document. It may be part of the RequisitePro project or outside the project, and it may or may not contain requirements.
Document outline: A reference document or template used to create new documents in RequisitePro. An
outline can include formats, page layout information, fonts, and Word styles. It is useful for maintaining
consistency across documents of the same type. Document outline information is stored in a .def file. It
includes the full name of the template, a description of the outline, and the associated Word template’s DOS filename (.dot).
Document properties: Specific items of information about a document. Documents have attributes associated with them such as author, date and time of last revision, and file name.
Document type: Defines descriptive and operational information associated with a requirements
document. The document type serves as a template for each requirements document you create of that
type. The document type defines the document’s file extension, such as .prd, all documents of the same
document type share the same file extension. The document type identifies a default requirement type;
each new requirement you create in the document is based on the default requirement type unless you
indicate otherwise. The document type also identifies a document template, which controls the
document page layout, default text, paragraph styles, and other structure.
Document version: A revision of a document, identified in the document properties revision history. A
new version is created when a document is changed and saved.
E
Enhancement request: A type of stakeholder request that specifies a new feature or functionality of the
system. Certain Rational RequisitePro requirement types have attributes that associate the requirement
with specific records in Rational ClearQuest. By default, if you are using a project based on the Use-Case
Project template, the feature (FEAT) requirement type includes EnhancementRequest and Defect
attributes that can associate the feature requirement with enhancement request and defect records in
ClearQuest.
Enterprise database: A database that is designed to support a large, networked organization. An
enterprise database offers scalability, security, and administrative features for large, complex projects.
RequisitePro supports the use of the enterprise databases Oracle and SQL Server.
Entry-type attributes: Entry-type attributes are numeric, text, time, or date values that are typed in by
project users. An entry-type attribute can be configured with a default value, which users can accept or
replace as they create or modify requirements. For example, if you want to set a default cost of $20,
format the entry-type attribute “Cost” to accept integer values and have a default value of 20.
attributes in the Attributes tab of the Project Properties dialog box. Requirement attributes can be entry
type or list type. If you have configured an integration with Rational ClearQuest, you have two
additional default requirement types, EnhancementRequest and Defect. See also attribute type, attribute
value. Compare list-type attributes.
Exclusive access: A condition by which access to a RequisitePro project and its documents is available
only to the user who opens the project. Exclusive access is required to change a variety of project
characteristics. You set access when you open a project. You can open a project and its documents in
exclusive mode only if the project and documents are not already open by another user.
Expand/collapse indicator: A small box displayed next to a requirement in a view, indicating that the
requirement has one or more child requirements, or next to a discussion item in the Discussions dialog
box, indicating that the discussion item has responses. The box contains a + or a -, indicating whether or
not the requirement or discussion is displayed in an expanded or collapsed state. An item that can be
expanded (that is, preceded by a +) contains hidden subitems that can be displayed. An item that can be
collapsed (that is, preceded by a -) does not have hidden subitems.
Explorer: RequisitePro’s primary navigation window. In this window, project artifacts (documents,
requirements, and views) are displayed in packages in a tree browser.
Export: To move information from one system or program to another. You can export requirements from
a RequisitePro view to Microsoft Word documents and to CSV files.
External project: A project containing requirements used to establish traceability relationships with
requirements in a currently open project.
External requirement: A requirement residing in an external project. You can create traceability
relationships between requirements in different projects.
External traceability: Traceability relationships between requirements in two RequisitePro projects.
F
File name extension: A DOS file name extension (for example, .prd). File name extensions are used in
RequisitePro to indicate document type and can contain a maximum of 20 characters.
Filtering: A process by which you can change the amount of information displayed in a view. You specify
certain criteria on which to filter information. You can filter requirements by specifying certain distinct
criteria for any or all of their attributes. For example, instead of displaying all requirements, you might
apply a filter to display only requirements having a high priority.
H
Hidden text: A Microsoft Word feature used to hide text within a document. Hidden text is delineated
with a dotted underline. A requirement within a Word document begins with a requirement tag
formatted in hidden text style. You can hide the tags for improved readability. Click Tools > Options,
and then click the View tab. Clear the Hidden text check box and click OK.
Hierarchical requirement: A requirement that is included within an ordered relationship with other
requirements of the same type. Use hierarchical relationships to subdivide a general requirement into
more explicit requirements. Child requirements provide additional detail for their parent requirement.
Parent requirement: The system shall display customer information. Child requirements provided for detail: Name, Address, Date of Birth.
Each child requirement can have only one parent, but a requirement can be both a parent and a child. If a
parent requirement is changed, the relationships with its children become suspect.
I
Import: To bring information from one system or program into another. In RequisitePro, you can import
documents and requirements from Microsoft Word and CSV files.
Integrated Use Case Management: An integration between Rational RequisitePro and Rational Rose
that allows you to associate use cases in Rose with RequisitePro documents and requirements. You can
easily navigate between Rose use-case models and RequisitePro use-case documents and requirements.
internationalization. The process of developing a program core whose feature and code designs do not
make assumptions on the basis of a single language or locale and whose source code base simplifies the
creation of different language editions of a program.
K
Keyboard shortcuts: A dialog box shortcut is a keyboard combination you can use to move to tabs, fields,
and buttons in a RequisitePro dialog box. To use a dialog box shortcut, press the Alt key while
simultaneously pressing the underlined letter in a dialog tab, field, or button. For example, in the Project
Properties, Document Properties, or Requirement Properties dialog boxes, press Alt-G to open the
General tab.
A menu shortcut is a keyboard combination you can use to open a menu. To use a menu shortcut, press
the Alt key while simultaneously pressing the underlined letter in the menu. For example, to open the
Requirement menu, press Alt-R. When a menu is displayed, you can select a command by pressing the
key for the underlined letter in the command.
Keyword: Words that are used to help specify and define requirements. Many organizations use words
such as shall, must, or will in their requirements, making it easier to separate a requirement from
surrounding text in the document. Keywords are a part of the definition of a requirement type. You enter
keywords in the Requirement Must Contain box in the Requirement Type dialog box.
L
Label (version information): A string (no more than 20 characters long) that contains user-defined
revision information. You can use a revision label for noting requirement, document, or project/archive
version information.
Licensed user: A RequisitePro user. Each user who is associated with a license of RequisitePro is a
licensed RequisitePro user.
List-type attributes: Requirement attributes are either list-type or entry-type. List-type attributes are sets
of descriptive values (for example, Status, which may contain the list values Proposed, Approved, In
progress, and Complete). You can assign single values or multiple values for list-type attributes. You
define attribute values in the Attributes tab in the Project Properties dialog box. See also attribute type,
attribute value. Compare entry-type attributes.
M
Matrix: An arrangement of rows and columns used for organizing related items in a view.
Menu file: A text file with specific syntax that is used to add menu commands to any RequisitePro
Menu: Menu files typically have an MNU or TXT file extension. Menu files are referenced using the
Add-ins command on the Tools menu. The commands appear on the RequisitePro menus in the order in
which they are specified in the menu file.
Menu shortcuts. See keyboard shortcuts.
Multiple select actions: Mouse actions and combination keyboard/mouse actions that you use to select
multiple items in RequisitePro. Use Ctrl-Click to select multiple items that are not adjacent to each other.
Hold down the Ctrl key and click the mouse. (You can also use Ctrl-click to clear a selected item.) Use
Shift-click to select a range of items. Hold down the Shift key and click the mouse. Use Drag to select a
range of items. With one item selected, drag the mouse. Release the mouse when the range is selected.
multiple value list. An attribute type that supports one-to-many associations. You can use a multiple
value list when you want to assign a requirement more than one value for a specific attribute.
For example, you might create an attribute type called Owner, with multiple values Bob, John, and Sue,
representing different users working on the same project. For this attribute, you might then assign only
the values Bob and Sue to a particular requirement, indicating that Bob and Sue are responsible for this
particular requirement, but John is not.
O
Offline author: A user who takes a RequisitePro document offline.
Offline authoring: A RequisitePro feature that lets users read and modify a document in Microsoft Word
Outside of RequisitePro (i.e., offline): When you take a document offline, RequisitePro creates a copy of
the document in the directory you specify. The original is still stored in RequisitePro, but it is changed to
a read-only document. Other users can view the document in RequisitePro, but they cannot edit it until
you bring it back online.
OLE: Object linking and embedding. You can create an OLE object in one application (original
application) and insert it into files in other (source) applications. If you modify the OLE object in its
original application, the changes are automatically reflected in any files containing the OLE object in a
source application. You can use OLE objects in RequisitePro requirements documents.
outline.
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