Should, Would and Could

should
Should is used to give advice and make recommendations and to talk about obligation, duty and what is expected to happen. Reference is to the present and the future. Should is similar to must but is not as strong as must:

• You should always wear a helmet when you go out cycling on busy roads.
  
  
• Once the pack is opened, the cooked meat inside should be consumed within three days.
  
  
• Should I tell her that her son is playing truant and skipping school? ~ I think you should. She should know about it.
  

			should and should have Should combines with the perfect infinitive to form should have + past participle when we want to talk about past events that did not happen, but should have happened. We are talking about an expectation and referring back to past time. Compare the following: Before Tom leaves for work, his wife advises him: You should take your umbrella. It might rain. ~ No, I'll be all right. I shan't need it. But it did rain. When he arrives back home, his wife says: What did I tell you? You should have taken your umbrella. Then you wouldn't have got wet. Reference to the present and future: You should try and smoke less, Henry. Your health isn't very good and it's getting worse. Reference to the past: I should have given up smoking years ago, Mary. If I had, I wouldn't be in such bad shape now.

			would If we want to talk about an unreal or unlikely situation that might arise now or in the future, we use a past tense in the if-clause and would + infinitive in the main clause. Compare the following and note that would is often abbreviated to 'd: How would you manage, if I wasn't here to help you? ~ I'd manage somehow. I wouldn't bother to cook. I'd go out to eat or bring home a take-away. I'd ask your mother to help me with the washing and the ironing. I know she'd help me. would have If we want to refer to the past and make a statement about things that did not happen, we need to use had + past participle in the if clause and would have constructions in the main clause. Note in these sentences that we can use 'd as the abbreviation for both had in the if-clause and would in the main clause: If he'd taken an umbrella, he wouldn't have got wet on the way home. If he'd taken his umbrella, he'd have stayed dry.

			could Could can be used to ask for permission, to make a request and express ability in the past. Compare the following: Could I borrow your black dress for the formal dinner tomorrow? ~ Of course you can! Could you do me a favour and pick Pete up from the station? ~ Of course I will! I could already swim by the time I was three. ~ Could you really? I couldn't swim until I was eight. could have As with would have, and should have, could have is used to talk about the past and refers to things that people could have done in the past, but didn't attempt to do or succeed in doing: I could have gone to university, if I'd passed my exams. If he'd trained harder, I'm sure he could have completed the swim. Note the difference between would have and could have in the following two examples. Would have indicates certainty that he would have won if he had tried harder, could have indicates that it is a possibility. Might have is similar in meaning to could have, although the possibility is perhaps not quite as great: If he'd tried a bit harder, he would have won the race. If he'd tried a bit harder, he could have won the race. If he'd tried a bit harder, he might have won the race.
			should have / could have / wouldn't have Note the way in which all three of these modals are combined in these exchanges which refer to a meeting that has just taken place: Why did you come to the meeting? It didn't need both of us. You should have known that I would be there. ~ How could I have known you'd be there? I haven't spoken to you for a fortnight! ~ If I'd known you were intending to go, I certainly wouldn't have gone! You will sometimes see would have written as would've, should have as should've and could have as could've.

Should, Could and Would

Difference between SHOULD, COULD, and WOULD

The difference between should, could, and would is difficult for many English learners – this lesson will help you understand when to use each one!

Use SHOULD and SHOULDN’T for advice

Here are some examples of using should and shouldn’t to ask for and give advice and suggestions:

“I’ve had a really bad headache for the past week.”
“That’s not good – you should go to the doctor.”

“I want to make more friends, but I don’t know how.”
“First of all, you shouldn’t spend so much time on the computer. You should go out and join a club or start playing a sport instead!”

“I had a fight with my best friend. What should I do?”
“Hmm… I think you should call her and tell her you’re sorry.”

Use COULD and COULDN’T for ability in the past

Could and couldn’t are the past forms of can and can’t:

When I was younger, I could run a mile in 7 minutes. Now it takes me 20 minutes!

Yesterday, I couldn’t find my wallet anywhere – but this morning I found it.

Last year, he couldn’t speak English very well, but now he can.

Use COULD for possibilities in the future

Here’s an example of could to talk about future possibilities:

“Do you have any ideas for our publicity campaign?”

“Yes, I’ve got a few ideas. I could put advertisements on Facebook and Google. We could also give out pamphlets in our neighborhood. Maybe John could even contact local TV stations.”

Use COULD to make polite requests

• Could you please open the window? It’s hot in here.
• Could you turn the music down? Thanks.
• Could you make 10 copies of this report, please?

Use WOULD to talk about unreal or unlikely situations

• If I were the president of my company, I would make a lot of changes.
• If people were more generous, there wouldn’t be so much poverty in the world today.
• She would travel around the world if she had more vacation time.

Note: In this case, would is often shortened to ‘d

• If I were the president of my company, I’d make a lot of changes.

Use WOULD YOU LIKE to make polite offers

Here are some examples of using would you like…? to make polite offers:

“Would you like anything to drink?”
“A soda would be great. Thanks!”

“Would you like to join us for dinner?”
“I’d love to, but I actually have other plans tonight.”

“Would you like to see some pictures from my vacation?”
“Sure!”

Don’t use “to” after should, could, and would:

You shouldn’t to smoke.
You shouldn’t smoke.

We could to order pizza tonight.
We could order pizza tonight.

I would to buy a new car if I had the money.
I would buy a new car if I had the money.

Quiz - Difference between Should, Could, and Would

Question 1

Helen, _________ you come over here for a minute? I need to talk to you.

	could
	should
	wouldn't

Question 2

You _________ like my brother if you got to know him better.

	couldn't
	should
	would

Question 3

I __________ call you last night because I left my cell phone at home.

	couldn't
	shouldn't
	wouldn't

Question 4

When your father was a boy, he _________ play soccer for 5 hours straight without getting tired.

	could
	should
	wouldn't

Question 5

In my opinion, you _________ dye your hair blonde. You'd look great!

	could
	should
	would

Question 6

You really __________ stay up so late. I don't think you're getting enough sleep.

	couldn't
	shouldn't
	wouldn't

Question 7

I __________ touch that equipment if I were you. It looks dangerous.

	wouldn't
	couldn't
	shouldn't

Question 8

__________ I buy a DVD or a watch for my father's birthday? What do you think?

	could
	should
	would

Question 9

Joanna, _________ you like some chicken?

	would
	could
	should

Question 10

If it rains on the date of the wedding, we _________ have the ceremony inside the church instead of in the park.

	could
	shouldn't

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